Development and Mechanical Evaluation of PETG-Chitosan Biodegradable Composites for Fused Filament Fabrication
Keywords:
PETG-Chitosan Composites, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Mechanical Properties, Biodegradability, Sustainable Materials
Abstract
This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG)-Chitosan composites using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), aiming to enhance mechanical properties and biodegradability. PETG was selected for its excellent mechanical strength and ease of processing, while chitosan was incorporated for its biodegradability and antimicrobial properties. The composites were prepared by melt blending PETG with varying concentrations of chitosan (5%, 10%, and 15% by weight) and extruding them into filaments for 3D printing. Mechanical testing revealed that the addition of chitosan enhanced the tensile strength from 49 MPa (0% Chitosan) to 55 MPa (10% Chitosan) and increased the flexural modulus from 2000 MPa to 2200 MPa. However, a slight decline in mechanical properties was observed at 15% Chitosan due to filler agglomeration. Biodegradation tests demonstrated accelerated weight loss, with up to 25% in soil burial and 28% in enzymatic degradation for 15% Chitosan, highlighting improved environmental sustainability. The novelty of this study lies in developing biodegradable PETG-Chitosan composites with enhanced mechanical performance using FFF, bridging the gap between strength and eco-friendliness. Potential applications include biomedical devices, packaging, and consumer products, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. This research provides a pathway for advancing biocomposites tailored for specific industrial needs while supporting circular economic goals.References
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2. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 2006; 31(7):603-32.
3. Raspall, F.; Velu, R.; Vaheed, N. M, Fabrication of Complex 3D Composites by Fusing Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) and Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technologies, Adv. Manuf. Polym. Compos. Sci. 2019, 5 (1), 6–16.
4. Velu, R.; Vaheed, N.; Raspall, F. Design and Robotic Fabrication of 3D Printed Moulds for Composites, Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium - An Additive Manufacturing Conference, Austin, TX, USA, 2018, 1036–1046.
5. Velu, R.; Raspall, F.; Singamneni, S, 3D Printing Technologies and Composite Materials for Structural Applications in Green Composites for Automotive Applications; Woodhead Publishing, 2019; pp 171–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102177-4.00008-2
6. Ajabi, M.; McConnell, M.; Cabral, J.; Ali, M.A. Chitosan hydrogels in 3D printing for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 260, 117768
7. Bose, S.; Ke, D.; Sahasrabudhe, H.; Bandyopadhyay, A, Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2018, 93, 45–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.08.003
8. Matsuzaki, R.; Ueda, M.; Namiki, M.; Jeong, T. K.; Asahara, H.; Horiguchi, K.; Nakamura, T.; Todoroki, A.; Hirano, Y, Three-Dimensional Printing of Continuous-Fiber Composites by in-Nozzle Impregnation, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6 (February), 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23058
9. Ang, T. H.; Sultana, F. S. A.; Hutmacher, D. W.; Wong, Y. S.; Fuh, J. Y. H.; Mo, X. M.; Loh, H. T.; Burdet, E.; Teoh, S. H, Fabrication of 3D Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Using a Robotic Dispensing System, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 20 (1–2), 35–42.
10. Gao, W.; Zhang, Y.; Ramanujan, D.; Ramani, K.; Chen, Y.; Williams, C. B.; Wang, C. C. L.; Shin, Y. C.; Zhang, S.; Zavattieri, P. D, The Status, Challenges, and Future of Additive Manufacturing in Engineering, Comput. Des. 2015, 69, 65–89.
11. Ananda M N, Sudheer Reddy J, Vijay Kumar S, Vikram K V, Mahesh Kumar, Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Carbon Reinforced Composite for Different Process Parameters Using FDM, Journal of Polymer and Composites, Volume 11, Issue 13, Pages 218-228, ISSN: 2321-2810, DOI (Journal): 10.37591/JoPC.
12. Huang, S. H.; Liu, P.; Mokasdar, A.; Hou, L, Additive Manufacturing and Its Societal Impact: A Literature Review, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2013, 67 (5–8), 1191–1203.
13. Dizon, J. R. C.; Espera, A. H.; Chen, Q.; Advincula, R. C, Mechanical Characterization of 3D-Printed Polymers, Addit. Manuf. 2018, 20, 44–67.
14. Mishra, S. B.; Banerjee, S.; Sarangi, T.; Jena, B. K, 3D Printing in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges, Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 26, 2510–2515.
15. Jiang, J.; Xu, X.; Stringer, J, Optimization of Multi-Material Structures for 3D Printing: A Review, Addit. Manuf. 2020, 34, 101264.
16. Kumar, S.; Kruth, J. P, Composites by Rapid Prototyping Technology, Mater. Des. 2010, 31 (2), 850–856.
17. K.W. Lee, S.H. Lee, S.W. Cho, S.K. Hong, Effect of Printing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed PETG Parts.Virtual. Phys. Prototyp. 15 (2) (June 2020) 117–123.
18. D. Zindani, K. Kumar,,An Insight into Additive Manufacturing of Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Composite. Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. 2 (2019) 267–278.
19. Smith, B. Jones, Impact of Printing Parameters on Interlayer Bonding and Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Parts, Mater. Sci. Eng. 85 (Mar. 2022) 45–52.
20. Lee, Influence of Infill Density on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Parts, Addit. Manuf. 40 (Oct. 2021) 101973.
21. O. Ibhadode, The Effect of Build Orientation and Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed PETG and Polyamide (6) Materials, Mater. Today Proc. 35 (2020) 471–477.
22. Maiz-Fernández, S.; Barroso, N.; Pérez-Álvarez, L.; Silván, U.; Vilas-Vilela, J.L.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. 3D Printable Self-Healing Hyaluronic Acid/Chitosan Polycomplex Hydrogels with Drug Release Capability. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 188, 820–832
23. K. Zhang, Y. Zhao, Y. Ding, Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Materials, Rapid. Prototyp. J. 23 (1) (Jan. 2017) 210–217.
24. Wang, X., Jiang, M., Zhou, Z., Gou, J., & Hui, D. (2017). 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective. Composites Part B: Engineering, 110, 442-458.
25. Mansour, M., Tsongas, K., & Tzetzis, D. (2019). Measurement of the mechanical and dynamic properties of 3D printed polylactic acid reinforced with graphene. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 58(11), 1234-1244.
26. Malas, A., Isakov, D., Couling, K., & Gibbons, G. J. (2019). Fabrication of High Permittivity Resin Composite for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing: Morphology, Thermal, Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Properties. Materials, 12(23), 3818.
27. Yadav, S.P.S.; Shankar, V.K.; Avinash, L.; Buradi, A.; Praveena, B.A.; Vasu, V.K.; Vinayaka, N.; Kumar, K.D. Development of 3D Printed Electromyography Controlled Bionic Arm, sustainable machining strategies for better performance. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering; Springer: Singapore, 2022.
28. Lokesh, N.; Praveena, B.; Sudheer Reddy, J.; Vikram Kedambadi, V.; Vijaykumar, S. Evaluation on effect of printing process parameter through Taguchi approach on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA specimens using FDM at constant printing temperature. Mater. Today-Proc. 2021
29. Praveena, B.A.; Buradi, A.; Santhosh, N.; Vasu, V.K.; Hatgundi, J.; Huliya, D. Study on characterization of mechanical, thermal properties, machinability and biodegradability of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and its applications, recent developments and future potentials: A comprehensive review. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 52, 1255–1259.
30. Tofail SA, Koumoulos EP, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S, O’Donoghue L, Charitidis C. Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Mater Today. 2018;21(1):22-37.
31. Durgashyam K, Reddy MI, Balakrishna A, Satyanarayana K. Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of PETG material processed by fused deposition modeling method. Mater Today Proc. 2019;18:2052-9.
32. Tonda-Turo, C.; Carmagnola, I.; Chiappone, A.; Feng, Z.; Ciardelli, G.; Hakkarainen, M.; Sangermano, M. Photocurable chitosan as bioink for cellularized therapies towards personalized scaffold architecture. Bioprinting 2020, 18, e00082.
Published
2024-09-30
How to Cite
Ananda M N, Bidyudipto Bandyopadhyay, S Sreeharsha Yadav, Gurukiran T, GM Kumar Swamy, & Ganesh Gouli. (2024). Development and Mechanical Evaluation of PETG-Chitosan Biodegradable Composites for Fused Filament Fabrication. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1S), 1850 - 1857. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1S.1714
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Articles
