Lymphocyte And Granulocyte Count as A Potential Prognostic Marker for Oral Cancer
Keywords:
Control; Oral carcinoma; Wbc percentage; Lymphocyte Monocyte ratio, innovative technique
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Inflammation of epithelial tissues is a normal and essential pathologic disorder that may occur alone or in conjunction with neoplasia. It is related not only to the existence of cancer but also to the initiation of cancer due to damage caused by inflammatory cells' oxidative activity. Oral cavity cancer affects 640,000 people worldwide each year, with just half of those diagnosed surviving for more than five years, three types of WBCs are collected from the bloodstream to the site of injury in general. Monocytes and lymphocytes make up mononuclear leukocytes, whereas neutrophils make up polymorphonuclear leukocytes, basophils, and eosinophils
AIM: The study aims to use lymphocyte and monocyte count as the prognostic factor for cancer patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study involved control patients and patients affected with any type of oral cancer. From the laboratory digital record system, 10 were cancer patients and the rest 10 were normal or control patients, and parameters like gender, age, stages of cancer and grading, Lymphocyte count, Lymphocyte monocyte ratio were noted.
RESULTS: According to the study, 50% of the cancer patients are between 41-50years of age, 70% of the Oral cavity cancers are well-differentiated type of squamous cell carcinoma, most common stage of OSCC (40%) at the time of diagnosis is stage 4a, followed by stage 1.
CONCLUSION: Our present finding indicates a decrease in lymphocytes monocytes ratio and increases in granulocyte ratio as the stage of cancer increases
References
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35. Seong, M.-K. (2015) ‘Prognostic Inflammation Score in Surgical Patients with Colorectal Cancer’, Journal of Korean medical science, 30(12), pp. 1793–1799.
36. Sheng, K.C., Wright, M.D. and Apostolopoulos, V. (2011) ‘Inflammatory Mediators Hold the Key to Dendritic Cell Suppression and Tumor Progression’, Current Medicinal Chemistry, pp. 5507–5518. doi:10.2174/092986711798347207.
37. Shigeta, K. et al. (2016) ‘High Absolute Monocyte Count Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated with Docetaxel Chemotherapy’, Annals of Surgical Oncology, pp. 4115–4122. doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5354-5.
38. Shreya, S. and Brundha, M.P. (2017) ‘Alteration of Haemoglobin Value in Relation to Age, Sex and Dental Diseases-A Retrospective Correlation Study’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1363. doi:10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00241.4.
39. Subramaniam, N. and Muthukrishnan, A. (2019) ‘Oral mucositis and microbial colonization in oral cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy: A prospective analysis in a tertiary care dental hospital’, Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry. doi:10.1111/jicd.12454.
40. Tas, F. et al. (2013) ‘Prognostic factors in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Older patients are associated with reduced overall survival’, Molecular and clinical oncology, 1(4), pp. 788–792.
41. Wang, S.C. et al. (2016) ‘Pretreatment Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Independently Predicts Disease-specific Survival in Resectable Gastroesophageal Junction and Gastric Adenocarcinoma’, Annals of Surgery, pp. 292–297. doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001189.
42. Weitzman, S.A. and Gordon, L.I. (1990) ‘Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis’, Blood, pp. 655–663. doi:10.1182/blood.v76.4.655.655.
43. Zhou, C. et al. (2018) ‘Density and location of CD3 and CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlate with prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 47(4), pp. 359–367.
2. Al-Rawi, N.H. and Talabani, N.G. (2008) ‘Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a case series analysis of clinical presentation and histological grading of 1,425 cases from Iraq’, Clinical oral investigations, 12(1), pp. 15–18.
3. Anita, R. et al. (2020) ‘The m6A readers YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 aberrations associated with metastasis and predict poor prognosis in breast cancer patients’, American journal of cancer research, 10(8), pp. 2546–2554.
4. Arumugam, P., George, R. and Jayaseelan, V.P. (2021) ‘Aberrations of m6A regulators are associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma’, Archives of oral biology, 122, p. 105030.
5. Brundha, M.P. and Pathmashri, V.P. (2019) ‘Quantitative Changes of Red Blood cells in Cancer Patients under Palliative Radiotherapy-A Retrospective Study’, Research Journal of [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjpt&volume=12&issue=2&article=041.
6. Camp, R.L., Dolled-Filhart, M. and Rimm, D.L. (2004) ‘X-tile: a new bio-informatics tool for biomarker assessment and outcome-based cut-point optimization’, Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 10(21), pp. 7252–7259.
7. Deng, Y. et al. (2020) ‘The combination of platelet count and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio is a prognostic factor in patients with resected breast cancer’, Medicine, 99(18), p. e18755.
8. Dhanraj, G. and Rajeshkumar, S. (2021) ‘Anticariogenic Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Brassica oleracea’, Journal of nanomaterials, 2021. doi:10.1155/2021/8115585.
9. Eapen, B.V., Baig, M.F. and Avinash, S. (2017) ‘An Assessment of the Incidence of Prolonged Postoperative Bleeding After Dental Extraction Among Patients on Uninterrupted Low Dose Aspirin Therapy and to Evaluate the Need to Stop Such Medication Prior to Dental Extractions’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(1), pp. 48–52.
10. Elangovan, I. et al. (2012) ‘Targeting receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression induces apoptosis and inhibits prostate tumor growth’, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, pp. 1133–1138. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.060.
11. Eo, W.K. (2015) ‘Absolute monocyte and lymphocyte count prognostic score for patients with gastric cancer’, World Journal of Gastroenterology, p. 2668. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i9.2668.
12. Eriksen, A.C. et al. (2018) ‘The Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating lymphocytes in Stage II Colon Cancer. A Nationwide Population-Based Study’, Translational oncology, 11(4), p. 979.
13. Gil, Z. et al. (2009) ‘Patterns and incidence of neural invasion in patients with cancers of the paranasal sinuses’, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, 135(2), pp. 173–179.
14. Heras, P. et al. (2010) ‘Platelet count and tumor progression in gastric cancer patients’, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 45(7-8). doi:10.3109/00365521003797221.
15. Kao, S.C.H. et al. (2010) ‘High Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is an Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Malignant Mesothelioma Patients Undergoing Systemic Therapy’, Clinical Cancer Research, pp. 5805–5813. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2245.
16. Krishnamurthy, A. et al. (2009) ‘Glandular odontogenic cyst: report of two cases and review of literature’, Head and neck pathology, 3(2), pp. 153–158.
17. Kumar, S.P. et al. (2020) ‘Targeting NM23-H1-mediated Inhibition of Tumour Metastasis in Viral Hepatitis with Bioactive Compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: A Computational Study’, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.650.
18. Kur, D.K. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of the HemoCue WBC DIFF in leukopenic patient samples’,
19. International journal of laboratory hematology, 42(3), pp. 256–262.
20. Lee, Y.-Y. et al. (2012) ‘Prognostic value of pre-treatment circulating monocyte count in patients with cervical cancer: Comparison with SCC-Ag level’, Gynecologic Oncology, pp. 92–97. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.09.034.
21. Lin, Y.-S. et al. (2005) ‘Epidemiology of oral cavity cancer in taiwan with emphasis on the role of betel nut chewing’, ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties, 67(4),
22. pp. 230–236.
23. Livne Margolin, M. et al. (2019) ‘Eosinophilia and Leukocytosis in a Patient with Lung Cancer’,
24. The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ, 21(1), pp. 58–59.
25. Maher, S.G. and Reynolds, J.V. (2011) ‘Basic Concepts of Inflammation and its Role in Carcinogenesis’, Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancers, pp. 1–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_1.
26. Mwachiro, M.M. et al. (2021) ‘Indoor wood combustion, carcinogenic exposure and esophageal cancer in southwest Kenya’, Environment international, 152, p. 106485.
27. Ohno, Y. et al. (2010) ‘Pretreatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Independent Predictor of Recurrence in Patients With Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma’, Journal of Urology, pp. 873–878. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.05.028.
28. Otto Mattsson, T. et al. (2020) ‘Patient self-testing of white blood cell count and differentiation: A study of feasibility and measurement performance in a population of Danish cancer patients’, European journal of cancer care, 29(1), p. e13189.
29. Quigley, D.A. and Kristensen, V. (2015) ‘Predicting prognosis and therapeutic response from interactions between lymphocytes and tumor cells’, Molecular Oncology, pp. 2054–2062. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.003.
30. Rajasekaran, S. et al. (2020) ‘Collective influence of 1-decanol addition, injection pressure and EGR on diesel engine characteristics fueled with diesel/LDPE oil blends’, Fuel, 277, p. 118166.
31. Ravindiran, M. and Praveenkumar, C. (2018) ‘Status review and the future prospects of CZTS
32. based solar cell – A novel approach on the device structure and material modeling for CZTS based photovoltaic device’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, pp. 317–329.
33. Rithanya, M. and Brundha, M.P. (2020) ‘Molecular Immune Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of COVID-19 - A Review’, International Journal of Current Research and Review, pp. 69–73. doi:10.31782/ijcrr.2020.sp37.
34. Sasaki, A. et al. (2006) ‘Prognostic value of preoperative peripheral blood monocyte count in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma’, Surgery, pp. 755–764. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.10.009.
35. Seong, M.-K. (2015) ‘Prognostic Inflammation Score in Surgical Patients with Colorectal Cancer’, Journal of Korean medical science, 30(12), pp. 1793–1799.
36. Sheng, K.C., Wright, M.D. and Apostolopoulos, V. (2011) ‘Inflammatory Mediators Hold the Key to Dendritic Cell Suppression and Tumor Progression’, Current Medicinal Chemistry, pp. 5507–5518. doi:10.2174/092986711798347207.
37. Shigeta, K. et al. (2016) ‘High Absolute Monocyte Count Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated with Docetaxel Chemotherapy’, Annals of Surgical Oncology, pp. 4115–4122. doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5354-5.
38. Shreya, S. and Brundha, M.P. (2017) ‘Alteration of Haemoglobin Value in Relation to Age, Sex and Dental Diseases-A Retrospective Correlation Study’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1363. doi:10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00241.4.
39. Subramaniam, N. and Muthukrishnan, A. (2019) ‘Oral mucositis and microbial colonization in oral cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy: A prospective analysis in a tertiary care dental hospital’, Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry. doi:10.1111/jicd.12454.
40. Tas, F. et al. (2013) ‘Prognostic factors in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Older patients are associated with reduced overall survival’, Molecular and clinical oncology, 1(4), pp. 788–792.
41. Wang, S.C. et al. (2016) ‘Pretreatment Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Independently Predicts Disease-specific Survival in Resectable Gastroesophageal Junction and Gastric Adenocarcinoma’, Annals of Surgery, pp. 292–297. doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001189.
42. Weitzman, S.A. and Gordon, L.I. (1990) ‘Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis’, Blood, pp. 655–663. doi:10.1182/blood.v76.4.655.655.
43. Zhou, C. et al. (2018) ‘Density and location of CD3 and CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlate with prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 47(4), pp. 359–367.
Published
2021-03-31
How to Cite
John Francis, & Dr. Palati Sinduja. (2021). Lymphocyte And Granulocyte Count as A Potential Prognostic Marker for Oral Cancer. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.vi.1951
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