Effect of Nicotine on Ejaculated Cattle Bull Spermatozoa Acrosome Reaction and Motility—An in vitro Study
Abstract
Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco, is known to impair male reproductive function in rodents and humans. This in vitro study investigates the impact of nicotine on the motility and acrosome reaction of ejaculated cattle bull spermatozoa. Recognising the growing concern over environmental and occupational exposures to nicotine, this research aimed to elucidate its potential reproductive toxicity in livestock. Semen samples were incubated with 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM concentrations of nicotine, and sperm motility and acrosomal integrity were assessed over time. Results revealed a dose- and time-dependent decline in both total and progressive sperm motility, with significant reductions observed after 90 and 120 minutes of exposure.
Furthermore, nicotine exposure led to premature acrosome reaction and structural sperm damage, including head decapitation, rendering spermatozoa non-fertilisable. These findings suggest that nicotine disrupts sperm calcium homeostasis and bioenergetics, likely through competitive inhibition of Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and the induction of oxidative stress. The study underscores the reproductive hazards posed by nicotine exposure in cattle, with implications for herd fertility and livestock productivity. Future studies should explore in vivo effects, protective interventions, and broader environmental implications.
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