A STUDY ON TIME SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Keywords:
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Time Synchronization, Clock Drift and Offset, Energy-Efficient Protocols, Secure Synchronization
Abstract
Time synchronization is a critical component in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for ensuring accurate event detection, coordinated sensing, and efficient data aggregation. This study provides a comprehensive review of time synchronization techniques, including master-slave, peer-to-peer, sender-receiver, and receiver-receiver approaches. It also examines clock drift and offset estimation methods, energy-efficient protocols, and secure, attack-resilient schemes. Performance metrics such as synchronization error, energy consumption, and scalability are analyzed to compare different protocols. The findings highlight trade-offs between accuracy, energy efficiency, and robustness, providing insights for designing effective time synchronization solutions in resource-constrained WSN environments.
References
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20. Robles, R. S., Borkar, V. S., & Kumar, P. R. (2007). A new distributed time synchronization protocol for multihop wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2006) (pp. 2734–2739). https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2006.377675
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22. Manzo, M., Roosta, T., & Sastry, S. (2005). Time synchronization attacks in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN 2005) (pp. 107–116). https://doi.org/10.1145/1102219.1102238
23. Maróti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G., & Lédeczi, Á. (2004). The flooding time synchronization protocol. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2004) (pp. 39–49). https://doi.org/10.1145/1031495.1031501
24. Simon, G., Maróti, M., Lédeczi, Á., & Balogh, G. (2004). Sensor network-based countersniper system. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2004) (pp. 1–12). https://doi.org/10.1145/1031495.1031497
25. Su, P. (2003). Delay measurement time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. Unpublished manuscript.
26. van Greunen, J., & Rabaey, J. M. (2003). Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2003) (pp. 11–19). https://doi.org/10.1145/941350.941353
27. Sichitiu, M. L., & Veerarittiphan, C. (2003). Simple, accurate time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2003) (Vol. 2, pp. 1266–1273). https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2003.1200555
28. Elson, J., Girod, L., & Estrin, D. (2002). Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 36(SI), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1145/1060289.1060304
29. Elson, J., & Römer, K. (2002). Wireless sensor networks: A new regime for time synchronization. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-I) (pp. 149–154).
30. Römer, K. (2001). Time synchronization in ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc 2001) (pp. 173–182). https://doi.org/10.1145/501436.501440
2. Huan, X., Kim, K. S., Lee, S., Lim, E. G., & Marshall, A. (2021). Improving multi-hop time synchronization performance in wireless sensor networks based on packet-relaying gateways with per-hop delay compensation. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 69(9), 6093–6105. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3092038
3. Huan, X., Kim, K. S., Lee, S., Lim, E. G., & Marshall, A. (2020). A beaconless asymmetric energy-efficient time synchronization scheme for resource-constrained multi-hop wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 68(3), 1716–1730. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2960344
4. Phan, L.-A., Kim, T., Kim, T., Lee, J.-S., & Ham, J.-H. (2019). Performance analysis of time synchronization protocols in wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 19(13), Article 3020. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19133020
5. Fan, K., Ren, Y., Yan, Z., Wang, S., Li, H., & Yang, Y. (2018). Secure time synchronization scheme in IoT based on blockchain. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings), Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom), and Smart Data (SmartData) (pp. 134–141). https://doi.org/10.1109/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00196
6. Kim, K. S., Lee, S., & Lim, E. G. (2017). Energy-efficient time synchronization based on asynchronous source clock frequency recovery and reverse two-way message exchanges in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 65(1), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2016.2626281
7. Sarvghadi, M. A., & Wan, T.-C. (2016). Message passing based time synchronization in wireless sensor networks: A survey. Journal of Sensors, 2016, Article 1280904. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1280904
8. Lenzen, C., Sommer, P., & Wattenhofer, R. (2015). PulseSync: An efficient and scalable clock synchronization protocol. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 23(3), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2014.2309805
9. Yildirim, K. S., & Kantarci, A. (2014). Time synchronization based on slow-flooding in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 25(1), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2013.40
10. Yıldırım, K. S., & Gürcan, Ö. (2014). Efficient time synchronization in a wireless sensor network by adaptive value tracking. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13(7), 3650–3664. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2014.2316168
11. Akhlaq, M., & Sheltami, T. R. (2013). RTSP: An accurate and energy-efficient protocol for clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 62(3), 578–589. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2012.2232472
12. Akhlaq, M., & Sheltami, T. R. (2012). The recursive time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS 2012) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2012.6166318
13. Prakash, R., & Nygard, K. (2010). Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks: A survey. International Journal of UbiComp, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5121/iju.2010.1206
14. Ranganathan, P., & Nygard, K. (2010). Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks: A survey. International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5121/iju.2010.1206
15. Sommer, P., & Wattenhofer, R. (2009). Gradient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2009) (pp. 37–48). https://doi.org/10.1145/1602165.1602171
16. Schenato, L., & Gamba, G. (2008). A distributed consensus protocol for clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2007) (pp. 2289–2294). https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2007.4434671
17. Ganeriwal, S., Pöpper, C., Čapkun, S., & Srivastava, M. B. (2008). Secure time synchronization in sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 11(4), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.1145/1380564.1380571
18. Ren, F., Lin, C., & Liu, F. (2008). Self-correcting time synchronization using reference broadcast in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 15(4), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2008.4599225
19. Song, H., Zhu, S., & Cao, G. (2007). Attack-resilient time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 5(1), 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2006.05.016
20. Robles, R. S., Borkar, V. S., & Kumar, P. R. (2007). A new distributed time synchronization protocol for multihop wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2006) (pp. 2734–2739). https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2006.377675
21. Ganeriwal, S., Čapkun, S., Han, C.-C., & Srivastava, M. B. (2005). Secure time synchronization service for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Wireless Security (pp. 97–106). https://doi.org/10.1145/1080793.1080809
22. Manzo, M., Roosta, T., & Sastry, S. (2005). Time synchronization attacks in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN 2005) (pp. 107–116). https://doi.org/10.1145/1102219.1102238
23. Maróti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G., & Lédeczi, Á. (2004). The flooding time synchronization protocol. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2004) (pp. 39–49). https://doi.org/10.1145/1031495.1031501
24. Simon, G., Maróti, M., Lédeczi, Á., & Balogh, G. (2004). Sensor network-based countersniper system. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2004) (pp. 1–12). https://doi.org/10.1145/1031495.1031497
25. Su, P. (2003). Delay measurement time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. Unpublished manuscript.
26. van Greunen, J., & Rabaey, J. M. (2003). Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2003) (pp. 11–19). https://doi.org/10.1145/941350.941353
27. Sichitiu, M. L., & Veerarittiphan, C. (2003). Simple, accurate time synchronization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2003) (Vol. 2, pp. 1266–1273). https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2003.1200555
28. Elson, J., Girod, L., & Estrin, D. (2002). Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 36(SI), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1145/1060289.1060304
29. Elson, J., & Römer, K. (2002). Wireless sensor networks: A new regime for time synchronization. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-I) (pp. 149–154).
30. Römer, K. (2001). Time synchronization in ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc 2001) (pp. 173–182). https://doi.org/10.1145/501436.501440
Published
2024-02-25
How to Cite
Mrs. Zalak Bijalkumar Modi. (2024). A STUDY ON TIME SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 4456-4464. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.2291
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