Facile Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Gracilaria textorii extract: Characterization and evaluation of photocatalytic and biological performance
Keywords:
Gracilaria textorii, Methylene Blue, Red algae, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Zinc Oxide
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have physico-chemical methods, such as cost effectiveness; reduce toxicity, and environment sustainability. The present study green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the red algae Gracilaria textorii as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, which exhibited a characteristic absorption peak at 347 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of Zn–O stretching vibrations within the range of 400–600 cm⁻¹, confirming the formation of ZnO. XRD analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 34.8 nm. FESEM micrographs showed flake-like nanosheet morphology with particle agglomeration, while EDX analysis verified the elemental composition, consisting of 71.82% Zn and 28.18% O. Furthermore, DLS measurements indicated a polydispersity index of 0.351, suggesting a moderately uniform particle size distribution. Electrochemical studies performed using cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-rectangular voltammograms with distinct anodic and cathodic responses, indicating efficient charge-transfer characteristics. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was assessed through the degradation of methylene blue dye under sunlight irradiation, achieving a degradation efficiency of 76% within 70 min. In addition, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited considerable antioxidant activity in both DPPH and H₂O₂ radical scavenging assays. Significant antibacterial activity was also observed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrating effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles as multifunctional materials for environmental remediation and biomedical applications
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2. Albrecht MA, Evan CW, Raston CL: Green chemistry and the health implications of nanoparticles. Green Chem 2006, 8:417–432.
3. Ananthu C Mohana, Renjanadevi B (2015)., Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and its Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICETEST-2015). Procedia Technology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05 .078. 24. 761 – 766.
4. Luo J, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Progress in perovskite solar cells based on ZnO nanostructures. Sol Energy. 2018;163:289-306
5. Nawaz, H.R., Solangi, B.A., Zehra, B. and Nadeem, U. (2011) Preparation of Nano Zinc Oxide and Its Application in Leather as a Retanning and Antibacterial Agent. Canadian Journal on Scientific and Industrial Research, 2, 164-170
6. Sokovnin SY, Il’ves VG, Khrustov VR, Zuev MG. Investigation of properties of ZnO ceramics sintered from ZnO-Zn nanopowders produced by pulsed electron beam evaporation. Ceram Int. 2017;43(14):10637-44.
7. Haq, A.N.U., Nadhman, A., Ullah, I., Mustafa, G., Yasinzai, M. and Khan, I. (2017) Synthesis Approaches of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: The Dilemma of Ecotoxicity. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2017, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8510342
8. Tamer, T. M., Abou-Taleb, W. M., Roston, G. D., Mohyeldin, M. S., Omer, A. M. and Hafez, A. M. (2018)., Formation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Alginate as a Template for Purification of Waste Water. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2018.04.006. 112 – 121.
9. Raha, S. and Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2022)., ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives. Nanoscale Advances. DOI: 10.1039/d1na00880c. 4, 1868-1925
10. Vigneshwaran N, Kumar S, Varadarajan PV, Prasad V: Functional finishing of cotton fabrics using Zinc oxide soluble starch nano composites. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:5087–5095.
11. Agarwal H, Kumar SV, Rajeshkumar S: A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles–An eco-friendly approach. Resour. Technol. 2017; 3: 406–413
12. Shinwari ZK, Maaza M: The study of structural, physical and electrochemical activity of Zno nanoparticles synthesized by green natural extracts of sageretia thea. Arch. Med. 2017; 3:9
13. Chandran, P. R., Naseer, M., Udupa, N., & Sandhyarani, N. (2011). Size controlled synthesis of biocompatible gold nanoparticles and their activity in the oxidation of NADH. Nanotechnology, 23(1), 015602. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957- 4484/23/1/015602
14. Smit, A.J. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. J. Appl. Phycol. 2004, 16, 245–262.
15. Subhash RY, Uday NH, Bhupal BC. Therapeutic potential and health benefits of Sargassum species. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(15):1–7.
16. Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA et al. (2005) The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protests. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52: 399–451.
17. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63883-8
18. Kim, S. K., & Wijesekara, I. (2010). Development and biological activities of marinederived bioactive peptides: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 2, 1–9.[5]
19. Roseline, Thynraj Antony, Muthiyal Prabakaran Sudhakar, and Kulanthaiyesu Arunkumar. "Aqueous extraction of red seaweed bioactive compounds and synthesis of silver nanoparticles for agriculture applications." Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 14 (2023): 100769.
20. Kanaan, H.; Belous, O. Marine Algae of the Lebanese Coast; Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2016; pp. 1–126. ISBN 978-1-53610-211-6.
21. Nagarajan, Sangeetha, and Kumaraguru Arumugam Kuppusamy. "Extracellular synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle using seaweeds of gulf of Mannar, India." Journal of nanobiotechnology 11.1 (2013): 39.
22. Vanaja M, Paulkumar K, Baburaja M, Rajeshkumar S, Gnanajobitha G, Malarkodi C, et al. Degradation of methylene blue using biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2014; 10:1-8.
23. Nagaswarupa, H. P., Mylarappa, M., Siddeswara, D. M. K., Mahesh, K. R. V., & Raghavendra, N. (2018). Fabrication and hierarchical structure of ZnO nanoparticles using green fuels: Cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(10), 22547–22553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.602
24. Pai, S., Sridevi, H., Varadavenkatesan, T., Vinayagam, R., & Selvaraj, R. (2019). Photocatalytic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis using Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf extract and their characterization. Optik, 185, 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.03.174
25. Blois, M. S.(1958) “Antioxidant Determination by the Use of a Stable Free Radical.” Nature 181 : 1199–1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0.
26. Makvana, C., F. Arodiya, and K. Parmar.(2021) “Green Synthesis of Polymer-Capped Copper Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential.” Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 14 : 1832–1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/14.4.67.
27. Revathi, S. L., S. Kumar, V. Sudarshana Deepa, and S. Kumar. (2014) “Antimicrobial Activity of A. serphyllifolia (Rohl ex. Vow) Wright.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care Research : 2249–2257.
28. Ramasamy, P., N. Subhapradha, V. Shanmugam, and A. Shanmugam.(1885) “Extraction, Characterization and Antioxidant Property of Chitosan from Cuttlebone Sepia kobiensis .” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 64 (2014): 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.017.
29. Bauer, A. W., W. M. M. Kirby, J. C. Sherris, and M. Turck.(1966) “Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method.” American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45, no. 4 : 493–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493.
30. Alyamani, A. A., Albukhaty, S., Aloufi, S., AlMalki, F. A., Al-Karagoly, H., & Sulaiman, G. M. (2021). Green fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using phlomis leaf extract: characterization and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties. Molecules, 26(20), 6140.
31. Selim, Y. A., Azb, M. A., Ragab, I., & HM Abd El-Azim, M. (2020). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Deverra tortuosa and their cytotoxic activities. Scientific reports, 10(1), 3445.
32. Parajuli, D., Dangi, S., Sharma, B. R., Shah, N. L., & KC, D. (2023). Sol-gel synthesis, characterization of ZnO thin films on different substrates, and bandgap calculation by the Tauc plot method. Bibechana, 20(2), 113-125.
33. Rehman, H., Shah, R. U., Khan, A., Hussain, A., & Ullah, H. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their use as an adsorbent for the arsenic removal from drinking water. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 14(4), 1033–1040.
34. Geetha, A., & Mallika, J. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles. A Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 72–76.
35. Alharthi, F. A., Alghamdi, A. A., Alothman, A. A., Almarhoon, Z. M., Alsulaiman, M. F., & Al-Zaqri, N. (2020). Green synthesis of ZnO nanostructures using Salvadora persica leaf extract: Applications for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Crystals, 10(3), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030189
36. Darvishi, E., Kahrizi, D., & Arkan, E. (2019). Comparison of different zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the green (using Juglans regia L. leaf extract) and chemical methods. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 286, 110831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.108
37. Chaudhari, A. A., et al. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using green synthesis method. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 10, 302–309.
38. Yuvakkumar, R., Suresh, J., Saravanakumar, B., Nathanael, A. J., Hong, S. I., & Rajendran, V. (2015). Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 137, 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.022
39. Murthy, K. R. S., Raghu, G. K., & Binnal, P. (2021). Zinc oxide nanostructured material for sensor application. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng, 5(1), 25-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22259/2637-5362.0501004
40. Agarwal, H., Nakara, A., Menon, S., & Shanmugam, V. (2019). Eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cinnamomum Tamala leaf extract and its promising effect towards the antibacterial activity. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 53, 101212.
41. Riaz, J., Cao, J., Zhang, Y., Bibi, A., Zhou, X., 2024. Facile synthesis and electrochemical analysis of TiN-based ZnO nanoparticles as promising cathode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors. Nanoscale Adv. 6(20), 5145–5157. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NA00372A
42. Ahmed, S., Alshammari, A. S., Al-Rajhi, A. M. H., et al. (2025). Starch-assisted eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Enhanced photocatalytic, supercapacitive, and UV-driven antioxidant properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(2), 859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020859
43. Amirtharaj, K., Kumar, M. S., & Prabhu, M. R. (2023). Electrochemical performance of flower-like ZnO nanostructure crystal for supercapacitor electrode applications. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 35(8), 1887–1893. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.28050
44. Priyadharshini, S. S., Shubha, J. P., Shivalingappa, J., Adil, S. F., Kuniyil, M., Hatshan, M. R., Shaik, B., & Kavalli, K. (2022). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and metanil yellow dyes using green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals. Crystals, 12(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010022
45. Atta, D., Wahab, H. A., Ibrahim, M. A., & Battisha, I. K. (2024). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye by ZnO nanoparticle thin films using sol–gel technique and UV laser irradiation. Scientific Reports, 14, 26961. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76938-1
46. S. S. Shinde, K. Y. Rajpure, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of catalyst based zinc oxide thin films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, 509, 4603-4607, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.01.117.
47. Rana, M. S., Putul, R. A., Salsabil, N., Kabir, M. T., Hossain, M. S., Masum, S. M., & Molla, M. A. I. (2026). Solar-Driven Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Dye Using Al-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles. Applied Nano, 7(1), 3.
48. Balcha, A., Yadav, O. P., & Dey, T. (2016). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye by zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained from precipitation and sol-gel methods. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(24), 25485-25493.
49. Abdallah, M., Alqahtani, A. S., Alharbi, S. A., Alghamdi, S., & Al-Hazmi, N. E. (2024). Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using seaweed: Exploring their therapeutic potentials. Applied Sciences, 14(16), 7069. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167069
50. El-Hagrasi, A.M., et al., 2024. Design, synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and in silico studies of novel spiro pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. RSC Advances 14, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA07078F
51. Vieira, I. R. S., da Silva, A. A., da Silva, B. D., Torres Neto, L., Tessaro, L., Lima, A. K. O., ... & Conte-Junior, C. A. (2024). Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berry seed residue extract. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 15(8), 4717-4734.
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How to Cite
J. Mukila, S. Sankaravadivu, & V.Priya. (1). Facile Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Gracilaria textorii extract: Characterization and evaluation of photocatalytic and biological performance. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 4650-4665. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.2459
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