Socio-Economic Conditions and Development Challenges of Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka: A Study of Education, Livelihood and Social Inclusion

Dr. Giridhar S

doi:10.69980/redvet.v25i1.2516

Dr. Giridhar S Guest Faculty, Dept. of P.G. Studies and Research in Sociology, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri Campus, Shanakaraghatta-577 451, Shimoga, Karnataka. INDIA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.2516

Keywords: Scheduled Tribes, Karnataka, Tribal Development, Education, Social Inclusion

Abstract

Scheduled Tribes constitute an important but historically disadvantaged section of Karnataka's population. Although constitutional safeguards, reservations, welfare programmes and targeted development interventions have improved several socio-economic indicators, substantial inequalities remain in education, livelihood security and social inclusion. This study examines the socio-economic conditions and development challenges of Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka, with particular attention to educational attainment, employment, regional disparities and access to development opportunities. The study employs secondary data from Census 2011, Government of India reports, Government of Karnataka publications, UDISE+ and the Fiscal Policy Institute, supplemented by evidence from recent primary household research on tribal human development in Karnataka. The findings indicate considerable improvement in literacy, elementary enrolment and educational expenditure, but gender, regional and rural-urban disparities continue. Tribal communities in economically disadvantaged districts experience weaker educational outcomes and livelihood opportunities. The study argues that inclusive tribal development requires geographically targeted investment, culturally responsive education, livelihood diversification, effective implementation of welfare programmes and stronger participation of tribal communities in development planning.

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