Effects of oral supplementation of black-eyed-bean (Vigna unguiculata) in ICR mice: A long-term study
Abstract
Grain legumes are a main source of nutrients in some countries. Black-eyed-bean (BEB) (Vigna unguiculata) belongs to the family Fabaceae and it is a grain legume consumed worldwide due to its high content of bioactive molecules that promote human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 70% BEB flour (BEBF) (w/w) supplementation in ICR healthy mice for 13 weeks. Body and organs’ weight, as well as food and water intake, were measured. Hematological, biochemical, genotoxicity and stress oxidative analysis were also performed. Oral administration of BEBF revealed increased spleen relative weight and microhematocrit levels. BEBF has been shown to increase superoxide dismutase levels suggesting an antioxidant effect. Furthermore, it also in-creased the levels of glutathione-S-transferase, demonstrating that the percentage administered to the mice could be excessive. We observed that the BEBF did not promote physiological changes or signs of toxicity, suggesting that the current dose is not harmful and, in the future, it can be used as a functional food supplement, and to prevent the development of diseases, namely cancer.
References
Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Ahmad, S., Amarowicz, R., De Feo, V. (2013). Antioxidant activity of the extracts of some cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) cultivars commonly consumed in Pakistan. Molecules, 18(2), 2005-2017.
Jayathilake, C., Visvanathan, R., Deen, A., Bangamuwage, R., Jayawardana, B.C., Nammi, S., Liyanage, R. (2018). Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits: Nutritional and health properties of cowpea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(13), 4793-4806.
Carneiro da Silva, A., Da Costa Santos, D., Lopes Teixeira Junior, D., Bento da Silva, P., Cavalcante dos Santos, R., Siviero, A. (2019). Cowpea: a strategic legume species for food security and health. In: J. Jimenez-Lopez & A. Clemente, (Eds.), Legume seed nutraceutical research (pp. 1-19). IntechOpen.
FAOSTAT (2019). Crops. From http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize.
Gomes, A.M.F., Draper, D., Nhantumbo, N., Massinga, R., Ramalho, J.C., Marques, I., Ribeiro-Barros, A.I. (2021). Diversity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] landraces in Mozambique: new opportunities for crop improvement and future breeding programs. Agronomy, 11(5), 991.
Pratap, A., Prajapati, U., Singh, C.M., Gupta, S., Rathore, M., Malviya, N., Tomar, R., Gupta, A.K., Tripathi, S., Singh, N.P. (2018). Potential, constraints and applications of in vitro methods in improving grain legumes. Plant Breed, 137(3), 235–249.
Gonçalves, A., Goufo, P., Barros, A., Domínguez-Perles, R., Trindade, H., Rosa, E.A.S., Ferreira, L., Rodrigues. M. (2016). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a renewed multipurpose crop for a more sustainable agri-food system: nutritional advantages and constraints: Nutritional aptitude of cowpea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(9), 2941–2951.
Oyewale, R.O., Bamaiyi, L.J. (2013). Management of cowpea insect pests. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences, 1(5), 217–226.
Singh, B.B. (Ed.). (2014). Cowpea: the food legume of the 21st century. Madison, WI: Crop Science Society of America, Wiley.
Santos, R.A., Souza, Filho, A.P.S., Cantanhede Filho, A.J., Guilhon, G.M.S.P., Santos, L.S. (2021). Analysis of phenolic compounds from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 24, e2020077.
Association of Official Analytical Chemistry. (Ed.). (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Arlington, VA, USA: AOAC.
Carvalho, M., Gouvinhas, I., Castro, I., Matos, M., Rosa, E., Carnide, V., Barros, A. (2021). Drought stress effect on polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity of cowpea pods and seeds. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 207(2), 197–207.
Collins, A.R. (2004). The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations. Molecular Biotechnology, 26(3), 249–261.
Tian, Y., Wang, K., Wang, Z., Li, N., Ji, G. (2013). Chemopreventive effect of dietary glutamine on colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis, 34(7), 1593–1600.
Rodrigues Siqueira, I., Fochesatto, C., da Silva Torres, I.L., Dalmaz, C., Alexandre Netto, C. (2005). Aging affects oxidative state in hippocampus, hypothalamus and adrenal glands of Wistar rats. Life Sciences, 78(3), 271–278.
Durak, I., Yurtarslanl, Z., Canbolat, O., Akyol, Ö. (1993). A methodological approach to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay based on inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. Clinical Chimica Acta, 214(1), 103–104.
Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. In: G.L. Burslem, (Ed.), Methods in enzymology (pp.121-126). Elsevier.
Paglia, D.E., Valentine, W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70(1), 158–169.
Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J., Jakoby, W.B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249(22), 7130–7139.
Gartaganis, S.P., Patsoukis, N.E., Nikolopoulos, D.K., Georgiou, C.D. (2007). Evidence for oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Eye, 21(11), 1406–1411.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(7), 248–254.
Nascimento-Gonçalves, E., Seixas, F., Silva, M., Fardilha, M., Ferreira, R., Neuparth, M.J., Faustino-Rocha, A.I., Colaço, B., Venâncio, C., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Oliveira, M.M., Peixoto, F., Rosa, E., Oliveira, P.A. (2021). The influence of Castanea sativa Mill. flower extract on hormonally and chemically induced prostate cancer in a rat model. Food Function, 12(6), 2631–2643.
Silva-Reis, R., Faustino-Rocha, A.I., Gonçalves, M., Ribeiro, C.C., Ferreira, T., Ribeiro-Silva, C., Gonçalves, L., Antunes, L., Venâncio, C., Ferreira, R., Gama, A., Oliveira, P.A. (2021). Refinement of animal model of colorectal carcinogenesis through the definition of novel humane endpoints. Animals, 11(4), 985.
Carvalho, M., Bebeli, P.J., Pereira, G., Castro, I., Egea-Gilabert, C., Matos, M., Lazaridi, E., Duarte, I., Lino-Neto, T., Ntatsi, G., Rodrigues, M., Savvas, D., Rosa, E., Carnide, V. (2017). European cowpea landraces for a more sustainable agriculture system and novel foods: European cowpea landraces. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(13), 4399–4407.
Domínguez-Perles, R., Machado, N., Abraão, A.S., Carnide, V., Ferreira, L., Rodrigues, M., Rosa, E.A.D.S., Barros, A.I.R.N.A. (2016). Chemometric analysis on free amino acids and proximate compositional data for selecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) diversity. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 53(7), 69–76.
Carvalho, M., Carnide, V., Sobreira, C., Castro, I., Coutinho, J., Barros, A., Rosa, E. (2022). Cowpea immature pods and grains evaluation: an opportunity for different food sources. Plants, 11(16): 2079.
Foller, M., Feil, S., Ghoreschi, K., Koka, S., Gerling, A., Thunemann, M., Hofmann, F., Schuler, B., Vogel, J., Pichler, B., Kasinathan, R.S., Nicolay, J.P., Huber, S.M., Lang, F., Feil, R. (2008). Anemia and splenomegaly in cGKI-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(18), 6771–6776.
Lees, J.G., White, D., Keating, B.A., Barkl-Luke, M.E., Makker, P.G.S., Goldstein, D., Moalem-Taylor, G. (2020). Oxaliplatin-induced haematological toxicity and splenomegaly in mice. PLoS One, 15(9), e0238164.
Mills, H.A., Jones, J.B. (1996). Plant analysis handbook II. Athens: Micro-Macro Pub.
Vogel, J., Kiessling, I., Heinicke, K., Stallmach, T., Ossent, P., Vogel, O., Aulmann, M., Frietsch, T., Schmid-Schönbein, H., Kuschinsky, W., Gassmann, M. (2003). Transgenic mice overexpressing erythropoietin adapt to excessive erythrocytosis by regulating blood viscosity. Blood, 102(6), 2278–2284.
Panzeri, D., Guzzetti, L., Sacco, G., Tedeschi, G., Nonnis, S., Airoldi, C., Labra, M., Fusi, P., Forcella, M., Regonesi, M.E. (2020). Effectiveness of Vigna unguiculata seed extracts in preventing colorectal cancer. Food Function, 11(7), 5853–5865.
Iyanda, A. (2013). Toxicological effects of phosphide powder residue in female rats. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2(4), 806.
Chen, X., Wang, X., Gu, X., Jiang, Y., Ji, R. (2017). Oxidative stress responses and insights into the sensitivity of the earthworms Metaphire guillelmi and Eisenia fetida to soil cadmium. Science of The Total Environment, 574(1), 300–306.
Kurutas, E.B. (2015). The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutrition Journal, 15(1), 71.
Kumar, S., Trivedi, P.K. (2018). Glutathione S-Transferases: role in combating abiotic stresses including arsenic detoxification in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 751.
Ibrahim Sayeed, V.K., Satish, S., Ajay Kumar, K., Chaitra Amin, B. (2017). A study on hepatoprotective activity of aqueous seed extract of Vigna Unguiculata (l) Walp against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 5(3), 111–116.
Wu, P., Ma, G., Li, N., Deng, Q., Yin, Y., Huang, R. (2015). Investigation of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of flavonoids rich extract from the berries of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. Food Chemistry, 173(15), 194–202.
Wan, L., Jiang, J.G. (2018). Protective effects of plant-derived flavonoids on hepatic injury. Journal of Functional Foods, 44(2018), 283–291.
Palermo, M., Pellegrini, N., Fogliano, V. (2014). The effect of cooking on the phytochemical content of vegetables: effect of cooking on vegetable phytochemicals. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(6), 1057–1070.
Daniel, P. (2009). Drugs and chemicals in aquafeeds: the problems and solutions. In: C. Rogers & B. Basurco B, (Eds.), The use of veterinary drugs and vaccines in Mediterranean aquaculture (pp. 85-94). Zaragoza.
