Exploring the Toxicological Landscape: Heavy Metals and Their Impact on Animal Health and Productivity
Abstract
The ecosystem, wildlife and people are at risk when heavy metals are released back into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activity. It is well recognized that several contaminants, including lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, are dangerous. Conversely, some elements are required for biological functions, such as zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, magnesium, manganese, selenium and cysteine. Overconsumption of certain metals over tolerance limits can expose animals to tainted feed along with water and put them at risk for health problems. Animal exposure to heavy metals and environmental contamination are results of anthropogenic activities that lead to the redistribution of heavy metals. While hazardous heavy metals can endanger an animal's health when they are above a threshold, essential heavy metals are partially responsible for measuring the functioning of the body. Exposure can occur through tainted food, water, or naturally high levels of heavy metals. Prolonged exposure causes degradation that impacts productivity and general health. Heavy metals are persistent in the body and have an impact on an animal's quality of life, reproduction and health. Public health is at risk when heavy metal concentrations in animal products exceed permissible limits. Overexposure to heavy metals causes acute or chronic toxicity in animals, which has an impact on reproductive processes, general health and product quality. In this review examining the field of toxicology and assessing the animal's welfare and productivity. Prolonged exposure results in decreased efficiency and a decline in general health. Animal products pose a risk to public health when they contain heavy metals over essential limits. Effective management techniques, targeted drugs and early diagnosis are crucial for reducing the harmful effects of heavy metal poisoning on the health and productivity of cattle.
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