A Systematic Study On Social-Environmental Risk Variables For Bacterial And Viral Conjunctivitis
Keywords:
Allergic, viral factors, ocular inflammation, conjunctivitis, eyelid.
Abstract
Allergic or viral factors are the primary causes of ocular inflammation. Thoroughly eliciting the patient's medical history and assessing the current signs and symptoms can frequently establish a preliminary diagnosis, but the combination and severity of clinical observations may vary. Individuals suffering from allergic conjunctivitis commonly experience pruritus and erythema in their eyes, while those with bacterial conjunctivitis frequently report the presence of crusts in the morning and struggle with eyelid opening. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae are the primary causative agents of bacterial conjunctivitis in children, while Staphylococcus species is the prevailing bacterium in adults. Consequently, the management of individuals with bacterial conjunctivitis involves the use of an antimicrobial drug that may effectively target a wide range of infections that are sensitive to therapy. Patients with abnormal clinical signs and symptoms, as well as those who do not react to presumptive treatment, should have other potential sources of inflammation taken into account.
References
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17. Dubey A., Singh R., Kumar A., Mishra G., Gupta A. et al. A Critical Review on Changing Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox-A Current Threat with Multi-Country Outbreak. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13(1),660–671(2022).
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25. Greiner J.V., Michaelson C., McWhirter C.L., Shams N.B. Single dose of ketotifen fumarate .025% vs 2 weeks of cromolyn sodium 4% for allergic conjunctivitis. Adv Ther, 19(4),185-93(2002).
26. Greiner J.V., Minno G. A placebo-controlled comparison of ketotifen fumarate and nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solutions for the prevention of ocular itching with the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Clin Ther, 25(7),1988-2005(2003).
27. Greiner J.V., Udell I.J. A comparison of the clinical efficacy of pheniramine maleate/naphazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution and olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Clin Ther, 27(5),568-77, (2005)
28. Gross R.D., Hoffman R.O., Lindsay R.N. A comparison of ciprofloxacin and tobramycin in bacterial conjunctivitis in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 36(8),435-44(1997).
29. Hallett J.W., Leopold I.H. Clinical trial of erythromycin ophthalmic ointment. Am J Ophthalmology, 44(41),519-22(1957).
30. Harding S.P., Mallinson H., Smith J.L., Clearkin L.G. Adult follicular conjunctivitis and neonatal ophthalmia in a Liverpool eye hospital, 1(4),512-21, (1984)
31. Hørven I. Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 71(2),165-8(1993)
32. Høvding G. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol, 86(1),5-17 (2008).
33. Hwang D.G., Schanzlin D.J., Rotberg M.H., Foulks G., Raizman M.B. Levofloxacin Bacterial Conjunctivitis Place-controlled Study Group. A phase III, placebo controlled clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 87(8),1004-9(2003).
34. Jackson W.B, Low D.E., Dattani D., Whitsitt P.F., Leeder R.G., MacDougall R. Treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis: 1% fusidic acid viscous drops vs 0.3%tobramycin drops. Can J Ophthalmol, 37(4),228-237(2002).
35. Karpecki P., Depaolis M., Hunter J.A., et al. Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%in patients with bacterial conjunctivitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, 5-day efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther, 31(3),514-526, (2009).
36. Katusic D., Petricek I., Mandic Z., et al.Azithromycin vs doxycycline in the treatment of inclusion conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol, 135(4),447-451(2003)
37. Kaufman H.E. Adenovirus advances: new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 22(4),290-293(2011).
38. Keating G.M. Moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution: in bacterial conjunctivitis. Drugs, 71(1),89-99(2011).
39. Kumaresan J.A., Mecaskey J.W. The global elimination of blinding trachoma: progress andbpromise. Am J Trop Med Hyg,69(5),24-28, (2003).
40. Leibowitz H.M. Antibacterial effectiveness of ciprofloxacin 0.3%ophthalmic solution in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol,112(4),29S-33S (1991).
41. Leibowitz H.M. The red eye. N Engl J Med.343(5),345-351, (2002).
42. Lohr J.A, Austin R.D, Grossman M., Hayden G.F., Knowlton G.M., Dudley S.M. Comparison of three topical antimicrobials for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J.7(9),626-629(1988).
43. Mahmood A.R., Narang A.T. Diagnosis and management of the acute red eye. Emerg Med Clin North Am,26(1),35-55(2008).
44. McDonald M.B., Protzko E.E., Brunner L.S, et al. Efficacy and safety of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%compared with moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5%for treating bacterial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 116(9),1615-1623(2009).
45. Miller N.R. Diagnosis and management of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. Neurosurg Focus,23(5),1-3(2007).
46. Montero J., Perea E. A double-blind double-dummy comparison of topical lomefloxacin 0.3%twice daily with topical gentamicin 0.3%four times daily in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. J Clin Res, 1 (2) 29-39(1998).
47. Morrow G.L., Abbott R.L. Conjunctivitis. Am Fam Physician. 57(4),735-746, (1998).
48. Newburger J.W., Takahashi M., Gerber M.A., et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics,114(6),1708-1733(2004).
49. O’Brien T.P, Jeng B.H, McDonald M., Raizman M.B. Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions. Curr Med Res Opin, 25(8),1953-1961(2009).
50. Ohnsman C.M. Exclusion of students with conjunctivitis from school: policies of state departments of health. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 44(2),101-105(2007).
51. Owen C.G, Shah A., Henshaw K., et al. Topical treatments for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract.54(503),451-456(2024).
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Published
2024-07-03
How to Cite
Dr. Deepika Shukla, Dr. Ajay Kumar Tripathi, Suyesh Pandey, Mamta Kumari, Manu Dwivedi, & Anubhav Dubey. (2024). A Systematic Study On Social-Environmental Risk Variables For Bacterial And Viral Conjunctivitis. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1S), 220-228. Retrieved from https://veterinaria.org/index.php/REDVET/article/view/605
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