Recent Advances in Intervention for Improving Handwriting: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
Curriculum, Dysgraphia, Telehealth
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Handwriting and related fine motor problems are primary reason for referral to occupational therapy, particularly in the school setting. Different types of intervention are been used to improve handwriting.
OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this literature review is to list out recent trends in the treatment approaches being used for children with handwriting.
METHOD: A broad search was undertaken to identify relevant studies for this review. PubMed, EBSCOhost (including Academic Search Premier), CINAHL Plus With Full Text, Education, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Social Sciences, SocINDEX with full text, and OTseeker were included if they were published between 2013 and 2023, written in English, involving human participants, and were related to intervention of handwriting skill acquisition.
RESULT: Occupational therapists employ a range of strategies during intervention, including therapeutic practice, sensorimotor techniques, and practice with iPad apps. Curriculum based Handwriting programs have found to be effective with Occupational Therapist Guided Remediation. The use of telehealth-delivered handwriting therapies can increase handwriting speed; however, more study is needed to evaluate whether this modality also enhances handwriting quality and spelling. Adaptive techniques are also used to improve handwriting. Collaboration with other professional and parents have also shown positive outcomes.
CONCLUSION: The support of parents, teachers and group in incorporating various techniques are crucial along with handwriting intervention. The role of technology is still emergent and requires more exploration in its role in improving handwriting.
References
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2. Berninger, V. W., Yates, C., Cartwright, A., Rutberg, J., Remy, E., & Abbott, R. (1992). Lower-level developmental skills in beginning writing Read Writ: . 1992; 4(3), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01027151
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4. Berninger, V. W., Mizokawa, D. T., & Bragg, R. (1991). Theory-based diagnosis and remediation of writing disabilities. J Sch Psychol . 1991; 29(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(91)90016-K
5. Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Fink, B. Is handwriting causally related to learning to write? Treatment of handwriting problems in beginning writers J Educ Psychol. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2000; 92(4), 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.620
6. Case-Smith J. Effectiveness of school-based occupational therapy intervention on handwriting. Am J Occup Ther. 2002 Jan-Feb; 56(1):17-25. doi: 10.5014/ajot.56.1.17. PMID: 11833397.
7. Feder KP, Majnemer A. Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Apr;49(4):312-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312. x. PMID: 17376144.
8. Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learn Instruc. 1994; 4(4), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5
9. Van Hoorn, J.F., Maathuis, C.G., Peters, L.H. and Hadders-Algra, M. Handwriting, visuomotor integration, and neurological condition at school age. Dev Med Child Neurol.. 2010; 52: 941-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03715.x
10. Rueckriegel, S M., Blankenburg, F., Burghardt, R., Ehrlich, S., Henze, G., Mergl, R., & Hernáiz Driever, P. Influence of age and movement complexity on kinematic hand movement parameters in childhood and adolescence Int J Dev Neurosci : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience,. 2008; 26(7), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.07.015
11. Meulenbroek, R. G. J., & van Galen, G. P. The acquisition of skilled handwriting: Discontinuous trends in kinematic variables. In A. M. Colley & J. R. Beech (Eds.), Cognition and action in skilled behavior. 1998; (pp. 273–281). North-Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60627-5
12. Jones, D., & Christensen, C. A. Relationship between automaticity in handwriting and students' ability to generate written text. J Educ Psychol . 1999; 91(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.1.44
13. Adi-Japha, E., & Freeman, N. H. Development of differentiation between writing and drawing systems. Dev Psychol 2001; 37(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.1.101
14. Ziviani, J. Some elaborations on handwriting speed in 7- to 14-year-olds. Percept Mot Skills 1984; 58(2), 535–539. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1984.58.2.535
15. Graham, S., & Weintraub, N. A review of handwriting research: Progress and prospects from 1980 to 1994. Educ Psychol Rev . 1996; 8(1), 7–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01761831
16. Karlsdottir, R., & Stefansson, T. Problems in developing functional handwriting. Percept Mot Skills . 2002; 94(2), 623–662. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.623
17. Graham, S., Schafer, W., Berninger, V., & Weintraub, N. Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1–9. J Educ Res . 1992; 92(1), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220679809597574
18. Cermak, S & Tseng, MH . The Evaluation of Handwriting in Children. Sensory Integration Quarterly. 1991; 19.
19. Reisman J. E. Poor handwriting: who is referred?. Am J Occup Ther: 1991; 45(9), 849–852. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.45.9.849
20. Schneck, C. M., & Henderson, A. Descriptive analysis of the developmental progression of grip position for pencil and crayon control in nondysfunctional childrenAm J Occup Ther: 1990; 44(10), 893–900. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.44.10.893
21. Feder, Katya & Annette. Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007; 49. 312 - 317. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x.
22. Sassoon, R. A handwriting for life. Child Lang Teach Ther. 1989; 2(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/026565908600200102
23. Bonney, M.-A. Understanding and Assessing Handwriting Difficulty: Perspectives from the Literature. Aust Occup Ther J . 1992; 39: 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1992.tb01751.x
24. Cornhill, H., & Case-Smith, J. Factors that relate to good and poor handwriting. Am J Occup Ther official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association. 1996; 50(9), 732–739. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.50.9.732
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How to Cite
Kaaynat Khan, Dr Munish Kumar Kakkar, & Dr. Surendra Kumar Meena. (1). Recent Advances in Intervention for Improving Handwriting: A Narrative Review. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1S), 339-346. Retrieved from https://veterinaria.org/index.php/REDVET/article/view/661
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