Preparation And Characterization Of Carrageenan/Alginate Composite Bioplastics With The Addition Of Seaweed Extraction Waste K. Alvarezii (Doty) Doty Ex P. C. Silva, 1966
Keywords:
Bioplastics, biofiller, composite, extraction waste, Kappaphycus alvarezii
Abstract
Single biopolymer materials such as alginate and carrageenan do not have sufficient physico-chemical and mechanical properties to be used as bioplastics. This study prepared and characterized carrageenan and sodium alginate composite bioplastics incorporated with Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extraction waste 0%, 20%; 40%; 60%; and 80% as biofiller. The bioplastics were prepared by solution casting method at 90oC for 45 min at 1000rpm, and soaked in CaCl2 2% for 5 min and dried at 60oC for 18h. the bioplastics were characterized for their physical, mechanical, and biodegradation properties. Incorporation of seaweed extract increase biodegradability but reduce the tensile strength of bioplastics. Scanning electron micrograph showed homogenous and does not form fracture. The FTIR spectra does not suggest the occurrence any noticiable interaction between components in the composite bioplastics. Overall, the incorporation of seaweed extractiaon waste enhance the propertise of carrageenan-alginate composite for short-life product application.
References
1. Akhtar, H. M. S., Zhao, Y. & Li, L. 2024. Novel Active Composite films based on carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate incorporated with phycocyanin: Physico-chemical, microstrustural and antioxidant propertise. Food hydrocoll. 147 109440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109440.
2. Arief, M. D., Mubarak, A. S & Pujiastuti, D. Y. 2021. Cellulose Based Carrageenan Waste on Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties Bioplastic. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 679. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/679/1/012013
3. Behera, A. K., Das, N., & Manna, S. 2022. Evaluation of mechanical, morphological, and biodegradation properties of natural fiber reinforced nano‐biocomposites. SPE Polymers, 3(1), 65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031
4. Brandelero, R.H., Brandelero, E.M., & Almeida, F.M. 2016. Biodegradable Film of Starch/PVOH/alginate in Packaging Systems for Minimally proceed lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 40(5) 510 - 521 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10065
5. Choi, I., Lee, Y., Lyu, J. S., Lee, J. S., & Han, J. 2022. Characterization of ionically crosslinked alginate films: Effect of different anion-based metal cations on the improvement of water-resistant properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 131, 107785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107785
6. El Achaby, M., Kassaba, Z., Aboulkasa, A., Gaillardc, C. & Barakata, A. 2018. Reuse of red algae waste for the production of cellulose nanocrystalsand its application in polymer nanocomposites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 106, 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.067
7. Farhan, A. & Hani, N. M. 2017. Characterization of Edible Packaging Films Based on Semi-Refined kappa-Carrageenan Plasticized with Glycerol and Sorbitol. 2017. Food Hydrocolloids. 64 48 – 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooghyd.2016.10.034
8. Fauziyah, S.N., Mubarak, A. S., & Pujiastuti, D.Y. 2021. Application of glycerol on bioplastic based carrageenan waste cellulose on biodegradability and mechanical properties bioplastic. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 679 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/679/1/012005
9. Final, M. A. M., & Mustapha, M. 2022. Formulation of biodegradable plastic mulch film for agriculture crop protection: a review. Polymer Reviews, 62(4), 890-918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031
10. Gao, C., E. Pollet & L. Averous. 2017. Propertise of Glycerol-Plastisized Alginate film Obtained by Thermo-mechanical Mixing. Food Hydrocolloids. 63. 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.023
11. Jumaidin, R., Sapuana, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. 2017. Effect of seaweed on mechanical, thermal, and biodegradationproperties of thermoplastic sugar palm starch/agar composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 99. 265–273
12. Khalil, A., Tye, Y. Y., Saurabh, C. P., Leh, C. P., Lai, T. K, Chong, E. W. N., Fazita, M. R. N., Hafiidz, J. M., Banerjee, A., & Syakir, M. I. 2017. Biodegradable Polymer Films from Seaweed Polysaccharides : A Reviiew on Cellulose as A Reinforcement Material. eXpress Polymer Letters vol. 11. No. 4. 244-265. https://doi.org/ 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.26
13. Lade, B. D., Dhowlaghar, N., Pillai, S. & Patil, S. 2023. Physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of sodium alginate films as carriers of zein emulsion with pelargonic acid and eugenol for active food packaging. Food Packag. Shelf Life 40 101202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101202.
14. Lim, C., Yusoff, S., Lim, P. E., & Ching, Y. C. 2021. Bioplastic Made From Seaweed Polysaccharides With Green Production Methods. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering., 105895.
15. Lisitsyn, A., Semenova, A., Nasonova, V., Polishchuk, E., Revutskaya, N., Kozyrev, I. & Kotenkova, E. 2021. Approaches in animal proteins and natural polysaccharides application for food packaging: Edible film production and quality estimation. Polymers., 13 (10) : 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101592
16. Mazni, N. Z., Saidin, S. N., & Mobarak, N. N. 2021. Effect of calcium chloride weight percentage on the development of iota-carrageenan based hydrogel. Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(2), 27-38.
17. Nurani, W., Anwar, Y., Batubara, I., Arung, I., T. & Fatriasari, W. 2024. Kappaphycus alvarezii as arenewable source of kappa-carrageenan and other cosmetic ingradients. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 260 129458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129458
18. Paşcalau, V., Popescu, V., Popescu, G. L., Dudescu, M. C., Borodi, G., A. Dinescu, A., Perhaiţa, I. & Paul, M. 2012. The Alginate/k-Carrageenan ratio's Influence on the Properties of The Cross-linked Composite Films. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 536(SUPPL.1): 418–423. cross-linked composite films. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.12.026
19. Paula, G. A., Benevides, N. M., Cunha, A. P., de Oliveira, A. V., Pinto, A. M., Morais, J. P. S & Azeredo, H. M. 2015. Development And Characterization Of Edible Bioplastics From Mixtures of κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, and Alginate. Food Hydrocolloids., 47: 140-145.
20. Perera, K. Y., Jaiswal, A. K., & Jaiswal, S. 2023. Extending cheese shelf-life using eco-friendly sodium alginate-gelatin films reinforced with nanoclay. Food Bioscience, 56, 103304.
21. Rhim, J.W. 2004. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Water Resistant Sodium Alginate Films. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 37(3): 323–330.
22. Rhim, J.W. 2012. Physical‐Mechanical Properties Of Agar/Κ‐Carrageenan Blend Film And Derived Clay Nanocomposite Film. Journal of Food Science., 77(12): https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02988.xC
23. Roh, Y.H. & Shin, C. S. 2004. Preparation and Characterization of Alginate–Carrageenan Complex Films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 99:3483–3490. DOI 10.1002/app.22971
24. Sedayu, B. B., Cran, M. J., & Bigger, S. W. 2018. Characterization of semi-refined carrageenan-based film for primary food packaging purposes. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26, 3754-3761. DOI:10.1007/s10924-018-1255-y
25. Sedayu, B. B., Cran, M. J., & Bigger, S. W. 2019. A review of property enhancement techniques for carrageenan-based films and coatings. Carbohydrate polymers, 216, 287-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.021
26. Sudhakar, M.P., Magesh Peter, D. & Dharani, G. 2021. Studies on the development and characterization of bioplastic film from the red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 33899–33913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10010-z
27. Sudharsan K., Mohan, C. C., Babu, P. A. S., Archana, G., Sabina, K., Sivarajan, M. & Sukumar, M. 2015. Production and Characterization of Cellulose Reinforced Starch (CRT) film,. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 83. 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.037
28. Wang, C., Song, Z., Gao, Y., Han, L., Yu, Q., Han, G., Zhu, X., 2024. Characterization of sodium alginate-carrageenan films prepared by adding peanut shell flavonoids as an antioxidant: Application in chilled pork preservation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 266 131081 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131081
29. Yang, J., S. Xu, S., Wang, W., Ran, X., Ching, Y. C., Sui, X., Wei, Y., Wang R. & Al-Hada, N. M. 2023. Preparation and characterization of bioplastics from silylated cassava starch and epoxidized soybean oils. Carbohydrate Polymers 300 (2023) 120253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120253
30. Zhang, Y., Man, J., Li, J., Xing, Z., Zhao, B., Ji M., Xia, H., & Li, J., 2022. Preparation of the alginate/carrageenaan/shellac film reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals obtained from enteromorpha for food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 218, 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.145
31. Zinina, O., Merenkova, S. & Damir Galimov, D. 2023. Development of Biodegradable Alginate-Based Films with Bioactive Properties and Optimal Structural Characteristics with Incorporation of Protein Hydrolysates. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015086
2. Arief, M. D., Mubarak, A. S & Pujiastuti, D. Y. 2021. Cellulose Based Carrageenan Waste on Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties Bioplastic. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 679. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/679/1/012013
3. Behera, A. K., Das, N., & Manna, S. 2022. Evaluation of mechanical, morphological, and biodegradation properties of natural fiber reinforced nano‐biocomposites. SPE Polymers, 3(1), 65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031
4. Brandelero, R.H., Brandelero, E.M., & Almeida, F.M. 2016. Biodegradable Film of Starch/PVOH/alginate in Packaging Systems for Minimally proceed lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 40(5) 510 - 521 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10065
5. Choi, I., Lee, Y., Lyu, J. S., Lee, J. S., & Han, J. 2022. Characterization of ionically crosslinked alginate films: Effect of different anion-based metal cations on the improvement of water-resistant properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 131, 107785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107785
6. El Achaby, M., Kassaba, Z., Aboulkasa, A., Gaillardc, C. & Barakata, A. 2018. Reuse of red algae waste for the production of cellulose nanocrystalsand its application in polymer nanocomposites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 106, 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.067
7. Farhan, A. & Hani, N. M. 2017. Characterization of Edible Packaging Films Based on Semi-Refined kappa-Carrageenan Plasticized with Glycerol and Sorbitol. 2017. Food Hydrocolloids. 64 48 – 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooghyd.2016.10.034
8. Fauziyah, S.N., Mubarak, A. S., & Pujiastuti, D.Y. 2021. Application of glycerol on bioplastic based carrageenan waste cellulose on biodegradability and mechanical properties bioplastic. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 679 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/679/1/012005
9. Final, M. A. M., & Mustapha, M. 2022. Formulation of biodegradable plastic mulch film for agriculture crop protection: a review. Polymer Reviews, 62(4), 890-918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031
10. Gao, C., E. Pollet & L. Averous. 2017. Propertise of Glycerol-Plastisized Alginate film Obtained by Thermo-mechanical Mixing. Food Hydrocolloids. 63. 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.023
11. Jumaidin, R., Sapuana, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. 2017. Effect of seaweed on mechanical, thermal, and biodegradationproperties of thermoplastic sugar palm starch/agar composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 99. 265–273
12. Khalil, A., Tye, Y. Y., Saurabh, C. P., Leh, C. P., Lai, T. K, Chong, E. W. N., Fazita, M. R. N., Hafiidz, J. M., Banerjee, A., & Syakir, M. I. 2017. Biodegradable Polymer Films from Seaweed Polysaccharides : A Reviiew on Cellulose as A Reinforcement Material. eXpress Polymer Letters vol. 11. No. 4. 244-265. https://doi.org/ 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.26
13. Lade, B. D., Dhowlaghar, N., Pillai, S. & Patil, S. 2023. Physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of sodium alginate films as carriers of zein emulsion with pelargonic acid and eugenol for active food packaging. Food Packag. Shelf Life 40 101202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101202.
14. Lim, C., Yusoff, S., Lim, P. E., & Ching, Y. C. 2021. Bioplastic Made From Seaweed Polysaccharides With Green Production Methods. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering., 105895.
15. Lisitsyn, A., Semenova, A., Nasonova, V., Polishchuk, E., Revutskaya, N., Kozyrev, I. & Kotenkova, E. 2021. Approaches in animal proteins and natural polysaccharides application for food packaging: Edible film production and quality estimation. Polymers., 13 (10) : 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101592
16. Mazni, N. Z., Saidin, S. N., & Mobarak, N. N. 2021. Effect of calcium chloride weight percentage on the development of iota-carrageenan based hydrogel. Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 6(2), 27-38.
17. Nurani, W., Anwar, Y., Batubara, I., Arung, I., T. & Fatriasari, W. 2024. Kappaphycus alvarezii as arenewable source of kappa-carrageenan and other cosmetic ingradients. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 260 129458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129458
18. Paşcalau, V., Popescu, V., Popescu, G. L., Dudescu, M. C., Borodi, G., A. Dinescu, A., Perhaiţa, I. & Paul, M. 2012. The Alginate/k-Carrageenan ratio's Influence on the Properties of The Cross-linked Composite Films. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 536(SUPPL.1): 418–423. cross-linked composite films. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.12.026
19. Paula, G. A., Benevides, N. M., Cunha, A. P., de Oliveira, A. V., Pinto, A. M., Morais, J. P. S & Azeredo, H. M. 2015. Development And Characterization Of Edible Bioplastics From Mixtures of κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, and Alginate. Food Hydrocolloids., 47: 140-145.
20. Perera, K. Y., Jaiswal, A. K., & Jaiswal, S. 2023. Extending cheese shelf-life using eco-friendly sodium alginate-gelatin films reinforced with nanoclay. Food Bioscience, 56, 103304.
21. Rhim, J.W. 2004. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Water Resistant Sodium Alginate Films. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 37(3): 323–330.
22. Rhim, J.W. 2012. Physical‐Mechanical Properties Of Agar/Κ‐Carrageenan Blend Film And Derived Clay Nanocomposite Film. Journal of Food Science., 77(12): https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02988.xC
23. Roh, Y.H. & Shin, C. S. 2004. Preparation and Characterization of Alginate–Carrageenan Complex Films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 99:3483–3490. DOI 10.1002/app.22971
24. Sedayu, B. B., Cran, M. J., & Bigger, S. W. 2018. Characterization of semi-refined carrageenan-based film for primary food packaging purposes. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26, 3754-3761. DOI:10.1007/s10924-018-1255-y
25. Sedayu, B. B., Cran, M. J., & Bigger, S. W. 2019. A review of property enhancement techniques for carrageenan-based films and coatings. Carbohydrate polymers, 216, 287-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.021
26. Sudhakar, M.P., Magesh Peter, D. & Dharani, G. 2021. Studies on the development and characterization of bioplastic film from the red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 33899–33913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10010-z
27. Sudharsan K., Mohan, C. C., Babu, P. A. S., Archana, G., Sabina, K., Sivarajan, M. & Sukumar, M. 2015. Production and Characterization of Cellulose Reinforced Starch (CRT) film,. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 83. 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.037
28. Wang, C., Song, Z., Gao, Y., Han, L., Yu, Q., Han, G., Zhu, X., 2024. Characterization of sodium alginate-carrageenan films prepared by adding peanut shell flavonoids as an antioxidant: Application in chilled pork preservation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 266 131081 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131081
29. Yang, J., S. Xu, S., Wang, W., Ran, X., Ching, Y. C., Sui, X., Wei, Y., Wang R. & Al-Hada, N. M. 2023. Preparation and characterization of bioplastics from silylated cassava starch and epoxidized soybean oils. Carbohydrate Polymers 300 (2023) 120253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120253
30. Zhang, Y., Man, J., Li, J., Xing, Z., Zhao, B., Ji M., Xia, H., & Li, J., 2022. Preparation of the alginate/carrageenaan/shellac film reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals obtained from enteromorpha for food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 218, 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.145
31. Zinina, O., Merenkova, S. & Damir Galimov, D. 2023. Development of Biodegradable Alginate-Based Films with Bioactive Properties and Optimal Structural Characteristics with Incorporation of Protein Hydrolysates. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015086
Published
2024-09-14
How to Cite
Ali Ridlo, Agus Sabdono, Retno Hartati, Subagiyo, Subagiyo, Sri Sedjati, Raden Ario, & Ibnu Pratikto. (2024). Preparation And Characterization Of Carrageenan/Alginate Composite Bioplastics With The Addition Of Seaweed Extraction Waste K. Alvarezii (Doty) Doty Ex P. C. Silva, 1966. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1S), 860-868. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1S.902
Section
Articles
