A Review on Morphology, Phytochemistry And Pharmacognosy Of Triphala In Ayurveda
Keywords:
Triphala, Amla, Bibhitaki, Haritaki, ayurveda
Abstract
Triphala, an ancient herbal formulation from Ayurveda, comprises three medicinal fruits: Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica), and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula). Renowned for its multifaceted health benefits, Triphala has been traditionally used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. This article delves into the historical significance of Triphala, its phytochemical composition, and the contemporary scientific evidence supporting its therapeutic efficacy. We explore its role in digestive health, detoxification, and chronic disease management, highlighting both traditional uses and modern applications. Additionally, the safety profile and potential side effects of Triphala are examined, providing a comprehensive understanding of its place in integrative medicine. Through a synthesis of ancient wisdom and modern research, this article aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of Triphala, encouraging its consideration as a valuable adjunct in holistic health practices. Triphala Choornam, a cornerstone of Ayurvedic medicine, is a finely powdered blend of these three potent fruits. Revered for its broad-spectrum health benefits, Triphala Choornam has been utilized for centuries in Ayurvedic practice to promote digestive health, detoxification, and overall well-being. This article examines the traditional uses of Triphala Choornam, its pharmacological properties, and the bioactive compounds contributing to its therapeutic effects. Emphasis is placed on its role in balancing the three doshas—Vata, Pitta, and Kapha—alongside its applications in treating gastrointestinal disorders, enhancing immunity, and supporting metabolic functions.References
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4. Bafna, P.A. and R. Balaraman, 2005. Anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity of pepticare, a herbomineral formulation. Phytomedicine., 12(4): 264-70.
5. Bhattacharya, A., M. Kumar, S. Ghosal and S.K. Bhattacharya, 2000. Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on iron-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine., 7(2): 173-5.
6. Christine Tara Peterson, Kate Denniston, Deepak Chopra (2017): Therapeutic Uses of Triphala in Ayurvedic Medicine. J Altern Complement Med. (8): 607-614.
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8. Devi N P, Kaleeswari P and Poonkothai M, Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of fruit extracts of Terminalia bellirica, Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2014, 6(5), 639-642.
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10. Fahmy, N. M., E. Al-Sayed, and A. N. Singab (2015) Genus Terminalia: a phytochemical and biological review. Med. Aromat. Plants (Los Angel.) 4: 218.
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14. Kumar, M.S., S. Kirubanandan, R. Sripriya and Memory P.K. Sehgal, 2008. Triphala promotes healing of infected full-thickness dermal wound. J Surg Res. 144(1): 94-101.
15. Kumaran, A. and R.J. Karunakaran, 2006. Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr., 61(1): 1-5.
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17. Lee, H. S., S. H. Jung, B. S. Yun, and K. W. Lee (2007) Isolation of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. and its antioxidant effect in isolated rat hepatocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 81: 211–218.
18. Lin, T., G. Nonaka, I. Nishioka, and F. Ho (1990) Tannins and related compounds. CII.: structures of terchebulin, an ellagitannin having a novel tetraphenylcarboxylic acid (terchebulic acid) moiety, and biogenetically related tannins from Terminalia chebula RETZ. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 38: 3004–3008.
19. Mallik J, Das P, Karon B and Das S, A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Terminalia bellirica, Indian J Drug Formul Res, 2012, 3(6), 1-7.
20. Mishra, V., M. Agrawal, S. A. Onasanwo, G. Madhur, P. Rastogi, H. P. Pandey, G. Palit, and T. Narender (2013) Anti-secretory and cyto-protective effects of chebulinic acid isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula on gastric ulcers. Phytomedicine 20: 506–511.
21. Narendra Kumar and S.M. Paul Khurana 2018. Phytochemistry and medicinal potential of the Terminalia bellirica Roxb. (Bahera) Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 9(2), 97-107.
22. Naik, G.H., K.I. Priyadarsini, R.G. Bhagirathi, B. Mishra, K.P. Mishra, M.M. Banavalikar and H. Mohan, 2005. In vitro antioxidant studies and free radical reactions of triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and its constituents. Phytother Res., 19(7): 582-6.
23. Pfundstein B, El Desouky S K, HullW E, Haubner R, Erben G, et al., Polyphenolic compounds in the fruits of egyptian medicinal plants (Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): Characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities, Phytochem, 2010, 71, 1132–1148.
24. Pinmai K, Chunlaratthanabhorn S, Ngamkitidechakul C, Soonthornchareon N and Hahnvajanawong C, Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellirica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents: doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells, World J Gastroenterol, 200, 14(10), 1491-7.
25. Saraswathi M N, Karthikeyan M, Kannan M and Rajasekar S, Terminalia bellirica Roxb.-A phytopharmacological review, Int J Pharm Biomed Res, 2012, 3(1), 96-99.
26. Sasidharan, I., A. Sundaresan, V. M. Nisha, M. S. Kirishna, K. G. Raghu, and P. Jayamurthy (2012) Inhibitory effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extracts on digestive enzyme related to diabetes and oxidative stress. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 27: 578–586.
27. Scartezzini, P., F. Antognoni, M.A. Raggi, F. Poli and C. Sabbioni, 2006. Vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of the fruit and of the Ayurvedic preparation of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. J Ethnopharmacol., 104(1-2): 113-8.
28. Senthilkumar, G. P. and S. P. Subramanian (2008) Biochemical studies on the effect of Terminalia chebula on the levels of glycoproteins in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats. J. Appl. Biomed. 6: 105–115.
29. Srikumar, R., N.J. Parthasarathy and D.R. Sheela, 2005. Immunomodulatory activity of triphala on neutrophil functions. Biol Pharm Bull., 28(8):1398-403.
30. Yang, M. H., Z. Ali, I. A. Khan, and S. I. Khan (2014) Anti-inflammatory activity of constituents isolated from Terminalia chebula. Nat. Prod. Commun. 9: 965–968.
31. Zhang, X. R., J. S. Kaunda, H. T. Zhu, D. Wang, C. R. Yang, and Y. J. Zhang (2019) The genus Terminalia (Combretaceae): an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 9: 357–392.
32. Zhang, L.Z., W.H. Zhao, Y.J. Guo, G.Z. Tu, S. Lin and L.G. Xin, 2003. Studies on chemical constituents in fruits of Tibetan medicine Phyllanthus emblica. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi., 28(10): 940-3.
2. Ayoob F A, Awad H M, El-Kousy S M, Rashed K N and Al-Sayed N H, Phytochemical and biological investigations of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. leaves, J Pharm Res, 2014, 8(4), 500-510.
3. Bag, A., S. Kumar Bhattacharyya, N. Kumar Pal, and R. Ranjan Chattopadhyay (2013) Anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid peroxidative, antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula fruits. Pharm. Biol. 51: 1515–1520.
4. Bafna, P.A. and R. Balaraman, 2005. Anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity of pepticare, a herbomineral formulation. Phytomedicine., 12(4): 264-70.
5. Bhattacharya, A., M. Kumar, S. Ghosal and S.K. Bhattacharya, 2000. Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on iron-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine., 7(2): 173-5.
6. Christine Tara Peterson, Kate Denniston, Deepak Chopra (2017): Therapeutic Uses of Triphala in Ayurvedic Medicine. J Altern Complement Med. (8): 607-614.
7. Deb A, Barua S and Das B, Pharmacological activities of Baheda (Terminalia bellirica): A review, J Pharmacogn Phytochem, 2016, 5(1), 194-197.
8. Devi N P, Kaleeswari P and Poonkothai M, Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of fruit extracts of Terminalia bellirica, Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2014, 6(5), 639-642.
9. Dhanalakshmi, S., R.S. Devi, R. Srikumar, 37. Muruganandam, A.V., V. Kumar and S. Manikandan and R. Thangaraj, 2007. Protective effect of Triphala on cold stress-induced behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in rats. Yakugaku Zasshi., 127(11): 1863-7.
10. Fahmy, N. M., E. Al-Sayed, and A. N. Singab (2015) Genus Terminalia: a phytochemical and biological review. Med. Aromat. Plants (Los Angel.) 4: 218.
11. Habib-ur-Rehman., K.A. Yasin, M.A. Choudhary, 14. Haque, R., B. Bin-Hafeez, I. Ahmad, S. Parvez, N. Khaliq, Atta-ur-Rahman., M.I. Choudhary and S. Malik, 2007. Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica. Nat Prod Res., 20; 21(9): 775-81.
12. Jose, J.K. and R. Kuttan, 2000. Hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis and Chyavanaprash. J. Ethnopharmacol., 72(1-2): 135-40.
13. Kathirvel, A. and V. Sujatha (2012) In vitro assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. leaves. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: S788–S795.
14. Kumar, M.S., S. Kirubanandan, R. Sripriya and Memory P.K. Sehgal, 2008. Triphala promotes healing of infected full-thickness dermal wound. J Surg Res. 144(1): 94-101.
15. Kumaran, A. and R.J. Karunakaran, 2006. Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr., 61(1): 1-5.
16. Kumudhavalli M V, Vyas M and Jayakar B, Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of the plant fruit of Terminalia bellirica Roxb, Int J Pharm Life Sci, 2010, 1(1), 1-11.
17. Lee, H. S., S. H. Jung, B. S. Yun, and K. W. Lee (2007) Isolation of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. and its antioxidant effect in isolated rat hepatocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 81: 211–218.
18. Lin, T., G. Nonaka, I. Nishioka, and F. Ho (1990) Tannins and related compounds. CII.: structures of terchebulin, an ellagitannin having a novel tetraphenylcarboxylic acid (terchebulic acid) moiety, and biogenetically related tannins from Terminalia chebula RETZ. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 38: 3004–3008.
19. Mallik J, Das P, Karon B and Das S, A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Terminalia bellirica, Indian J Drug Formul Res, 2012, 3(6), 1-7.
20. Mishra, V., M. Agrawal, S. A. Onasanwo, G. Madhur, P. Rastogi, H. P. Pandey, G. Palit, and T. Narender (2013) Anti-secretory and cyto-protective effects of chebulinic acid isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula on gastric ulcers. Phytomedicine 20: 506–511.
21. Narendra Kumar and S.M. Paul Khurana 2018. Phytochemistry and medicinal potential of the Terminalia bellirica Roxb. (Bahera) Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 9(2), 97-107.
22. Naik, G.H., K.I. Priyadarsini, R.G. Bhagirathi, B. Mishra, K.P. Mishra, M.M. Banavalikar and H. Mohan, 2005. In vitro antioxidant studies and free radical reactions of triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and its constituents. Phytother Res., 19(7): 582-6.
23. Pfundstein B, El Desouky S K, HullW E, Haubner R, Erben G, et al., Polyphenolic compounds in the fruits of egyptian medicinal plants (Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): Characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities, Phytochem, 2010, 71, 1132–1148.
24. Pinmai K, Chunlaratthanabhorn S, Ngamkitidechakul C, Soonthornchareon N and Hahnvajanawong C, Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellirica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents: doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells, World J Gastroenterol, 200, 14(10), 1491-7.
25. Saraswathi M N, Karthikeyan M, Kannan M and Rajasekar S, Terminalia bellirica Roxb.-A phytopharmacological review, Int J Pharm Biomed Res, 2012, 3(1), 96-99.
26. Sasidharan, I., A. Sundaresan, V. M. Nisha, M. S. Kirishna, K. G. Raghu, and P. Jayamurthy (2012) Inhibitory effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extracts on digestive enzyme related to diabetes and oxidative stress. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 27: 578–586.
27. Scartezzini, P., F. Antognoni, M.A. Raggi, F. Poli and C. Sabbioni, 2006. Vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of the fruit and of the Ayurvedic preparation of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. J Ethnopharmacol., 104(1-2): 113-8.
28. Senthilkumar, G. P. and S. P. Subramanian (2008) Biochemical studies on the effect of Terminalia chebula on the levels of glycoproteins in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats. J. Appl. Biomed. 6: 105–115.
29. Srikumar, R., N.J. Parthasarathy and D.R. Sheela, 2005. Immunomodulatory activity of triphala on neutrophil functions. Biol Pharm Bull., 28(8):1398-403.
30. Yang, M. H., Z. Ali, I. A. Khan, and S. I. Khan (2014) Anti-inflammatory activity of constituents isolated from Terminalia chebula. Nat. Prod. Commun. 9: 965–968.
31. Zhang, X. R., J. S. Kaunda, H. T. Zhu, D. Wang, C. R. Yang, and Y. J. Zhang (2019) The genus Terminalia (Combretaceae): an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 9: 357–392.
32. Zhang, L.Z., W.H. Zhao, Y.J. Guo, G.Z. Tu, S. Lin and L.G. Xin, 2003. Studies on chemical constituents in fruits of Tibetan medicine Phyllanthus emblica. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi., 28(10): 940-3.
Published
2024-09-04
How to Cite
Dr. Anilkumar.K K. (2024). A Review on Morphology, Phytochemistry And Pharmacognosy Of Triphala In Ayurveda. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 1249 - 1254. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.1750
Section
Articles
