Enhancement Of Mechanical And Tribological Behaviours Of AZ91D Magnesium Hybrid Composites Reinforced With B4C/MWCNT Prepared By Stir Casting
Keywords:
Tribological behaviour, AZ91D magnesium alloy, Hybrid reinforcement, MWCNTs, B4C, Stir Casting, Coefficient of Friction (COF).
Abstract
The inherent limitations of the AZ91D magnesium alloy, specifically its low hardness and poor wear resistance, necessitate the development of hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) for high-performance structural applications. In this study, hybrid composites reinforced with a constant 1.5 wt. % B4C microparticles and varying concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (0.2 and 0.4 wt. %) were successfully fabricated using the bottom-pouring stir casting technique under a protective Argon atmosphere. Microstructural characterization revealed that the hybrid reinforcements acted as effective nucleating agents, leading to significant grain refinement and a uniform distribution within the magnesium matrix. Density measurements showed a progressive reduction in porosity, reaching a minimum of 1.05% for the 0.4 wt. % MWCNT sample, indicating excellent interfacial bonding. Mechanical testing demonstrated a synergistic strengthening effect, with the microhardness increasing from 82.7 HV to 115.9 HV (a 40.1% improvement). Tribological evaluations conducted via pin-on-disc testing indicated a substantial decrease in the Coefficient of Friction (COF), dropping from 0.312 for the unreinforced alloy to 0.261 for the 0.4 wt. % MWCNT composite. The results suggest that while B4C microparticles provide structural stiffness and load-bearing capacity, the MWCNTs contribute to nanoscale strengthening and the formation of a self-lubricating tribo-layer. This hybrid reinforcement strategy successfully balances mechanical strength and frictional efficiency, positioning these composites as ideal candidates for lightweight, wear-resistant components in the automotive and aerospace industries.
References
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18. Mousavi Anijdan, S. H., & Sabzi, M. (2018). The effect of pouring temperature and surface angle of vortex casting on microstructural changes and mechanical properties of 7050Al- 3 wt% SiC composite. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 737, 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.006
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21. Pan, C., Wang, X., Behnamian, Y., Wu, Z., Qin, Z., Xia, D-H., & He, J. (2020). Monododecyl phosphate film on LY12 aluminum alloy: PH-controlled self-assembly and corrosion resistance. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167(16), 161510. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abb3f6
22. Raj, P. P., Ramadoss, N., Shoba, M. K., & Prabu, A. D. (2025). Enhancement of Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviours of AZ91D Magnesium Hybrid Composites Reinforced with B4C and BN Particles. Inter Metalcast, 19, 3607–3620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-025-01514-4
23. Rapoport, L., Bilik, Y., Feldman, Y., Homyonfer, M., Cohen, S. R., & Tenne, R. (1997). Hollow nanoparticles of WS2 as potential solid-state lubricants. Nature, 387(6635), 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1038/387791a0
24. Sabzi, M., Dezfuli, S. M., & Far, S. M. (2018). Deposition of Ni-tungsten carbide nanocomposite coating by TIG welding: characterization and control of microstructure and wear/ corrosion responses. Ceramics International, 44(18), 22816–22829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.076
25. Sahu, P. K., Singh, S., Chen, G., Yijun, L., Zhang, S., & Shi, Q. (2020). Wear behavior of the friction stir alloyed AZ31 Mg at different volume fractions of Al particles reinforcement and its enhanced quality attributes. Tribology International, 146, 106268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106268
26. Sediako, D., Stroh, J., McDougall, A., & Aghaie, E. (2019). Residual stress analysis of A362 aluminum alloy gear case using neutron diffraction. Materials Science Forum, 941, 1288–1294. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.1288
27. Sharifi, H., Ostovan, K., Tayebi, M., & Rajaee, A. (2017). Dry sliding wear behavior of open-cell Al-Mg/Al2O3 and Al-Mg/SiC-Al2O3 composite preforms produced by a pressureless infiltration technique. Tribology International, 116, 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.07.032
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29. Singh, H., & Bhowmick, H. (2020). Lubrication characteristics and wear mechanism mapping for hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite sliding under surfactant functionalized MWCNT-Oil. Tribology International, 145, 106152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106152
30. Tayebi, M., Bizari, D., & Hassanzade, Z. (2020). Investigation of mechanical properties and biocorrosion behavior of in situ and ex situ Mg composite for orthopedic implants. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 113, 110974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110974
31. Tayebi, M., Jozdani, M., & Mirhadi, M. (2019). Thermal expansion behavior of Al–B4C composites by powder metallurgy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 809, 151753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151753
32. Tayebi, M., Najafi, H., Nategh, S., & Khodabandeh, A. (2021). Creep behavior of ZK60 alloy and ZK60/SiCw composite after extrusion and precipitation hardening. Metals and Materials International, 27(12), 3905–3917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00877-5
33. Tayebi, M., Nategh, S., Najafi, H., & Khodabandeh, A. (2020). Tensile properties and microstructure of ZK60/SiCw composite after extrusion and aging. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 830, 154709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154709
34. Tayebi, M., Tayebi, M., Rajaee, M., Ghafarnia, V., & Rizi, A. M. (2021). Improvement of thermal properties of Al/Cu/SiC composites by tailoring the reinforcement microstructure and comparison to thermoelastic models. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 853, 156794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156794
35. Wang, X. J., Wang, N. Z., Wang, L. Y., Hu, X. S., Wu, K., Wang, Y. Q., & Sun, Y. T. (2014). Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of Micro-SiC particles reinforced magnesium matrix composites fabricated by stir casting assisted by ultrasonic treatment processing. Materials & Design, 57, 638–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.076
36. Yuan, L., Han, J., Liu, J., & Jiang, Z. (2016). Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with In-Situ AlB2 particles. Tribology International, 98, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.02.012
37. Zare, R., Sharifi, H., Saeri, M. R., & Tayebi, M. (2019). Investigating the effect of SiC particles on the physical and thermal properties of Al6061/SiCp composite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 801, 520–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.334
38. Zhang, Y., Chen, F., Zhang, Y., & Du, C. (2020). Influence of graphene oxide additive on the tribological and electrochemical corrosion properties of a PEO coating prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy. Tribology International, 146, 106135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106135
39. Zhu, J., Qi, J., Guan, D., Ma, L., & Dwyer-Joyce, R. (2020). Tribological behaviour of self-lubricating mg matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide and tungsten disulfide. Tribology International, 146, 106253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106253
2. Aghaie, E., Stroh, J., Sediako, D., & Smith, M. (2018). In-situ fitness-for-service assessment of aluminum alloys developed for automotive powertrain lightweighting. In O. Martin (Ed.), Light metals 2018 (pp. 397–400). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72481-5_57
3. Archard, J. F. (1953). Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces. Journal of Applied Physics, 24(8), 981–988. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1721448
4. Bayati, M. S., Sharifi, H., Tayebi, M., & Isfahani, T. (2019). Effect of Al-B4C nanocomposite filler manufactured by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) method on the microstructure and mechanical properties of weldings prepared by tungsten inert gas welding. Materials Research Express, 6(10), 106529. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3dfa
5. Dezfuli, S. M., & Sabzi, M. (2018). Effect of yttria and benzotriazole doping on wear/corrosion responses of alumina-based nanostructured films. Ceramics International, 44(16), 20245–20258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.241
6. García-Rodríguez, S., Torres, B., Maroto, A., L´opez, A. J., Otero, E., & Rams, J. (2017). Dry sliding wear behavior of Globular AZ91 magnesium alloy and AZ91/SiCp composites. Wear, 390–391, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2017.08.017
7. Guo, Y., Wang, S., Liu, W., Sun, Z., Zhu, G., & Xiao, T. (2020). Effect of laser shock peening on tribological properties of magnesium alloy ZK60. Tribology International, 144, 106138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106138
8. Jafarian, H. R., Sabzi, M., Mousavi Anijdan, S. H., Eivani, A. R., & Park, N. (2021). The influence of austenitization temperature on microstructural developments, mechanical properties, fracture mode and wear mechanism of hadfield high manganese steel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 10, 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.11.086
9. Jiang, J., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Shan, W., & Luo, S. (2012). Microstructure and mechanical properties of the motorcycle cylinder body of AM60B magnesium alloy formed by combining die casting and forging. Materials & Design, 37, 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.002
10. Khakzad, A., Mousavi Khoi, S. M., Tayebifard, S. A., Aghaie, E., Behnamian, Y., Mozammel, M., & Ashrafizadeh, S. A. (2017). Alumina-silica composite coatings on aluminum by plasma electrolytic oxidation: the effect of coating time on microstructure, phase, and corrosion behavior. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 26(6), 2663–2670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2646-6
11. Kianfar, S., Aghaie, E., Stroh, J., Sediako, D., & Tjong, J. (2021). Residual stress, microstructure, and mechanical properties analysis of HPDC aluminum engine block with cast-in iron liners. Materials Today Communications, 26, 101814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101814
12. Labib, F., Ghasemi, H. M., & Mahmudi, R. (2016). Dry tribological behavior of Mg/SiCp composites at room and elevated temperatures. Wear, 348–349, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.004
13. Luo, H., Leitch, M., Behnamian, Y., Ma, Y., Zeng, H., & Luo, J-L. (2015). Development of electroless Ni–P/Nano-WC composite coatings and investigation on its properties. Surface and Coatings Technology, 277, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.07.042
14. Maleki-Ghaleh, H., Hafezi, M., Hadipour, M., Nadernezhad, A., Aghaie, E., Behnamian, Y., & Mohanna, S. (2015). Effect of tricalcium magnesium silicate coating on the electrochemical and biological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloys. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0138454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138454
15. Mohammadi, J., Behnamian, Y., Mostafaei, A., & Gerlich, A. P. (2015). Tool geometry, rotation and travel speeds effects on the properties of dissimilar magnesium/aluminum friction stir welded lap joints. Materials & Design, 75, 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.003
16. Mohammadi, J., Behnamian, Y., Mostafaei, A., Izadi, H., Saeid, T., Kokabi, A. H., & Emamy, M. (2015). Friction stir welding joint of dissimilar materials between AZ31B magnesium and 6061 aluminum alloys: microstructure studies and mechanical characterizations. Materials Characterization, 101, 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.01.037
17. Mohammadi, J., Ghoreishi, M., & Behnamian, Y. (2014). An investigation into the dissolution characteristics of gamma precipitates in Mg-3Al-Zn alloy. Materials Research, 17, 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.277813
18. Mousavi Anijdan, S. H., & Sabzi, M. (2018). The effect of pouring temperature and surface angle of vortex casting on microstructural changes and mechanical properties of 7050Al- 3 wt% SiC composite. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 737, 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.006
19. Nouri, M., & Li, D. Y. (2017). Maximizing the benefit of aluminizing to AZ31 alloy by surface nanocrystallization for elevated resistance to wear and corrosive wear. Tribology International, 111, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.06.014
20. Omrani, E., Moghadam, A. D., Menezes, P. L., & Rohatgi, P. K. (2016). Influences of graphite reinforcement on the tribological properties of self-lubricating aluminum matrix composites for green tribology, sustainability, and energy efficiency—a review. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 83(1), 325–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7632-1
21. Pan, C., Wang, X., Behnamian, Y., Wu, Z., Qin, Z., Xia, D-H., & He, J. (2020). Monododecyl phosphate film on LY12 aluminum alloy: PH-controlled self-assembly and corrosion resistance. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167(16), 161510. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abb3f6
22. Raj, P. P., Ramadoss, N., Shoba, M. K., & Prabu, A. D. (2025). Enhancement of Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviours of AZ91D Magnesium Hybrid Composites Reinforced with B4C and BN Particles. Inter Metalcast, 19, 3607–3620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-025-01514-4
23. Rapoport, L., Bilik, Y., Feldman, Y., Homyonfer, M., Cohen, S. R., & Tenne, R. (1997). Hollow nanoparticles of WS2 as potential solid-state lubricants. Nature, 387(6635), 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1038/387791a0
24. Sabzi, M., Dezfuli, S. M., & Far, S. M. (2018). Deposition of Ni-tungsten carbide nanocomposite coating by TIG welding: characterization and control of microstructure and wear/ corrosion responses. Ceramics International, 44(18), 22816–22829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.076
25. Sahu, P. K., Singh, S., Chen, G., Yijun, L., Zhang, S., & Shi, Q. (2020). Wear behavior of the friction stir alloyed AZ31 Mg at different volume fractions of Al particles reinforcement and its enhanced quality attributes. Tribology International, 146, 106268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106268
26. Sediako, D., Stroh, J., McDougall, A., & Aghaie, E. (2019). Residual stress analysis of A362 aluminum alloy gear case using neutron diffraction. Materials Science Forum, 941, 1288–1294. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.1288
27. Sharifi, H., Ostovan, K., Tayebi, M., & Rajaee, A. (2017). Dry sliding wear behavior of open-cell Al-Mg/Al2O3 and Al-Mg/SiC-Al2O3 composite preforms produced by a pressureless infiltration technique. Tribology International, 116, 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.07.032
28. Shen, M. J., Wang, X. J., Zhang, M. F., Zhang, B. H., Zheng, M. Y., & Wu, K. (2015). Microstructure and room temperature tensile properties of 1 $\mu$m-SiCp/AZ31B magnesium matrix composite. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 3(2), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2015.06.004
29. Singh, H., & Bhowmick, H. (2020). Lubrication characteristics and wear mechanism mapping for hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite sliding under surfactant functionalized MWCNT-Oil. Tribology International, 145, 106152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106152
30. Tayebi, M., Bizari, D., & Hassanzade, Z. (2020). Investigation of mechanical properties and biocorrosion behavior of in situ and ex situ Mg composite for orthopedic implants. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 113, 110974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110974
31. Tayebi, M., Jozdani, M., & Mirhadi, M. (2019). Thermal expansion behavior of Al–B4C composites by powder metallurgy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 809, 151753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151753
32. Tayebi, M., Najafi, H., Nategh, S., & Khodabandeh, A. (2021). Creep behavior of ZK60 alloy and ZK60/SiCw composite after extrusion and precipitation hardening. Metals and Materials International, 27(12), 3905–3917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00877-5
33. Tayebi, M., Nategh, S., Najafi, H., & Khodabandeh, A. (2020). Tensile properties and microstructure of ZK60/SiCw composite after extrusion and aging. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 830, 154709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154709
34. Tayebi, M., Tayebi, M., Rajaee, M., Ghafarnia, V., & Rizi, A. M. (2021). Improvement of thermal properties of Al/Cu/SiC composites by tailoring the reinforcement microstructure and comparison to thermoelastic models. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 853, 156794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156794
35. Wang, X. J., Wang, N. Z., Wang, L. Y., Hu, X. S., Wu, K., Wang, Y. Q., & Sun, Y. T. (2014). Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of Micro-SiC particles reinforced magnesium matrix composites fabricated by stir casting assisted by ultrasonic treatment processing. Materials & Design, 57, 638–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.076
36. Yuan, L., Han, J., Liu, J., & Jiang, Z. (2016). Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with In-Situ AlB2 particles. Tribology International, 98, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.02.012
37. Zare, R., Sharifi, H., Saeri, M. R., & Tayebi, M. (2019). Investigating the effect of SiC particles on the physical and thermal properties of Al6061/SiCp composite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 801, 520–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.334
38. Zhang, Y., Chen, F., Zhang, Y., & Du, C. (2020). Influence of graphene oxide additive on the tribological and electrochemical corrosion properties of a PEO coating prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy. Tribology International, 146, 106135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106135
39. Zhu, J., Qi, J., Guan, D., Ma, L., & Dwyer-Joyce, R. (2020). Tribological behaviour of self-lubricating mg matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide and tungsten disulfide. Tribology International, 146, 106253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106253
Published
2024-09-18
How to Cite
Hemant Kumar Choudhary, Akshay Sharma, Md Irshad Alam, Manhar Kumar Sah, Abhishek Kumar, & Pankaj Kumar. (2024). Enhancement Of Mechanical And Tribological Behaviours Of AZ91D Magnesium Hybrid Composites Reinforced With B4C/MWCNT Prepared By Stir Casting. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 2526-2536. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.2299
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