Oral Medicine: Antifungal Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra Against Oral candidiasis - An In-Vitro Study
Keywords:
antifungal effect, Oral candidiasis, zone of inhibition, minimum inhibition concentration, future scope
Abstract
This research explores the antifungal properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root extract in relation to Candida albicans and various other Candida species, which are prevalent causative agents of Oral candidiasis, an opportunistic infection that presents considerable difficulties for individuals with compromised immune systems. In light of the increasing apprehension surrounding antifungal resistance and the constraints of current antifungal medications, this study assesses the effectiveness of G. glabra as a natural treatment option. The antifungal efficacy of the extract was evaluated through disc diffusion, well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) assays. The findings revealed a notable dose-dependent antifungal efficacy, with C. albicans exhibiting the greatest level of susceptibility.(Warnakulasuriya et al. 2021) The MIC and MFC values varied from 12.5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for C. albicans, while for C. krusei, they ranged from 50 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL, respectively. When compared to fluconazole, it was observed that the extract necessitated greater concentrations; however, it demonstrated reliable effectiveness across every species evaluated. Analysis of cytotoxicity in human oral keratinocytes revealed a moderate level of cytotoxicity at elevated concentrations, while maintaining a safe profile at therapeutic dosages. The results underscore G. glabra as a compelling option for natural antifungal treatments and advocate for its inclusion in oral hygiene products. (Wang et al. 2014) Additional in vivo investigations and safety assessments are crucial to confirm its clinical relevance (Davies, Berger, and Rubinsztein 2006) .
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24. Shapna, S., Afroza, H., Kaiser, H., Kaniz, F. U., & Sumon, R. (2010). Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(5), 957–960.
25. Singh, J., Kumar, A., Budhiraja, S., & Hooda, A. (2007). Ethnomedicine: Use in dental caries. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 6(21), 1308–1312.
26. Sri, H., Maiti, S., & Shanmugam, R. (2023). Comparative Evaluation of Glycyrrhiza glabra Incorporated Soft-Liner Over Conventional Soft-Liner Based on Antimicrobial Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy, Surface Roughness, Wettability, and Tensile Bond Strength: An: In Vitro: Study. Journal of International Oral Health, 15(3), 290-
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30. Davies, Janet E., Zdenek Berger, and David C. Rubinsztein. 2006. “Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy: Potential Therapies for an Aggregate-Associated Disorder.” The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 38 (9): 1457–62.
31. Wang, Yen-Yun, Yen-Hsuan Tail, Wen-Chen Wang, Ching-Yi Chen, Yu-Hsun Kao, Yuk-Kwan Chen, and Chung-Ho Chen. 2014. “Malignant Transformation in 5071 Southern Taiwanese Patients with Potentially Malignant Oral Mucosal Disorders.” BMC Oral Health 14 (1): 99.
32. Warnakulasuriya, Saman, Omar Kujan, José M. Aguirre-Urizar, José V. Bagan, Miguel Ángel González-Moles, Alexander R. Kerr, Giovanni Lodi, et al. 2021. “Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Consensus Report from an International Seminar on Nomenclature and Classification, Convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer.” Oral Diseases 27 (8): 1862–80.
2. Ahmad, I., & Beg, A. Z. (2001). Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74(1), 113–123.
3. 11
4. Ahmadi-Motamayel, F., Akbari, E., Mahjoub, R., Alikhani, M. Y., & Poorolajal, J. (2024). Effect of Chewing Gum Containing Glycyrrhiza glabra, Honey, and Vitamin E on Oral Health. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 43, 100831.
5. Alazzawi, M. A., Ajah, H. A., & Mohammed, N. J. (2024, July). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Evaluation of Their Effect Against some Virulence Factors of Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses Fungi. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1371, No. 5, p. 052082). IOP Publishing.
6. Asl, M. N., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2008). Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytotherapy Research, 22(6), 709–724.
7. Azmoudeh, F., Aslanimehr, M., & Lourizadeh, N. (2017). Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans (in vitro study). Studies in Medical Sciences, 28(6), 394-400.
8. Cai, L., & Wu, C. D. (1996). Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogens. Journal of Natural Products, 59(10), 987– 990.
9. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2006). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved standard M7-A7 (7th ed.). Wayne, PA: CLSI.
10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2009). Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria: Approved standard M11-A7 (7th ed.). Wayne, PA: CLSI.
11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2009). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test: Approved standard M02-A10 (10th ed.). Wayne, PA: CLSI.
12. Fazly Bazzaz, B. S., & Haririzadeh, G. (2003). Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharmaceutical Biology, 41(8), 573–583.
13. Gomes, F., Dias, M. I., Rodrigues, M. E., Barros, L., & Henriques, M. (2024). Glycyrrhiza glabra hydroethanolic extract and manuka honey alone and in combination inhibit bacterial and fungal planktonic cells and biofilms. Phytomedicine Plus, 4(2), 100561.
14. Gupta, V. K., Fatima, A., Faridi, U., Negi, A. S., Shanker, K., Kumar, J. K., Rahuja, N., Luqman, S., Sisodia, B. S., Saikia, D., Darokar, M. P., & Khanuja, S. P. S. (2008). Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116(2), 377–438.
15. Janovska, D., Kubikova, K., & Kokoska, L. (2003). Screening for antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant species of traditional Chinese medicine. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 21(3), 107–110.
16. McFarland, J. (1907). The nephelometer: An instrument for estimating the number of bacteria in suspensions for calculating the opsonic index and vaccines. Journal of the American Medical Association, 49, 1176.
17. Meghashri, S. G. (2009). In vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities of root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(11), 1436–1439. More, G., Tshikalange, T. E., Lall, N., Botha, F., & Meyer, J. J. M. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against oral microorganisms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(3), 473–477.
18. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). (2000). Methods for dilution: Antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically (M-7-A5, 5th ed.). Wayne, PA: NCCLS.
19. Nirmala, P., & Selvaraj, T. (2011). Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(3), 815–823.
20. 12
21. Poole, K. (2001). Overcoming antimicrobial resistance by targeting resistance mechanisms. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 53(2), 283–284.
22. Rastegar, R. (2021). Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Licorice Extract Against Oral Microorganisms (Master's thesis, The University of Alabama at Birmingham). Roque, L., Duarte, N., Bronze, M. R., Garcia, C., Alopaeus, J., Molpeceres, J., ... & Reis, C. (2018). Development of a bioadhesive nanoformulation with Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract against Candida albicans. Biofouling, 34(8), 880-892.
23. Sanjai, S. (2005). Glycyrrhiza glabra: Medicine over the millennium. Natural Product Radiance, 4(5), 358–367.
24. Shapna, S., Afroza, H., Kaiser, H., Kaniz, F. U., & Sumon, R. (2010). Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(5), 957–960.
25. Singh, J., Kumar, A., Budhiraja, S., & Hooda, A. (2007). Ethnomedicine: Use in dental caries. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 6(21), 1308–1312.
26. Sri, H., Maiti, S., & Shanmugam, R. (2023). Comparative Evaluation of Glycyrrhiza glabra Incorporated Soft-Liner Over Conventional Soft-Liner Based on Antimicrobial Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy, Surface Roughness, Wettability, and Tensile Bond Strength: An: In Vitro: Study. Journal of International Oral Health, 15(3), 290-
27. 297.
28. Vivek, K., Fatima, A., Faridi, U., & Negi, A. S. (2008). Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 377–438.
29. 13
30. Davies, Janet E., Zdenek Berger, and David C. Rubinsztein. 2006. “Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy: Potential Therapies for an Aggregate-Associated Disorder.” The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 38 (9): 1457–62.
31. Wang, Yen-Yun, Yen-Hsuan Tail, Wen-Chen Wang, Ching-Yi Chen, Yu-Hsun Kao, Yuk-Kwan Chen, and Chung-Ho Chen. 2014. “Malignant Transformation in 5071 Southern Taiwanese Patients with Potentially Malignant Oral Mucosal Disorders.” BMC Oral Health 14 (1): 99.
32. Warnakulasuriya, Saman, Omar Kujan, José M. Aguirre-Urizar, José V. Bagan, Miguel Ángel González-Moles, Alexander R. Kerr, Giovanni Lodi, et al. 2021. “Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Consensus Report from an International Seminar on Nomenclature and Classification, Convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer.” Oral Diseases 27 (8): 1862–80.
Published
2024-12-05
How to Cite
Annika Rajaselin, & Dr. M. Surenthar. (2024). Oral Medicine: Antifungal Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra Against Oral candidiasis - An In-Vitro Study. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 2681 - 2693. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.2384
Section
Articles
