An Analytical Study Of Fire Spread Mechanisms In High-Rise Buildings Considering Facade Materials

Abstract

Fire spread in high-rise buildings has become a major global safety concern due to the increasing use of combustible façade systems, insulation materials, and modern architectural cladding. Recent catastrophic incidents such as the demonstrated how combustible façade materials can accelerate vertical and horizontal fire spread, leading to extensive property damage and significant loss of life. This study analytically investigates fire spread mechanisms in high-rise buildings with special emphasis on façade materials, insulation systems, cavity configurations, and ventilation effects. The research evaluates combustible and non-combustible façade systems using available experimental data, numerical investigations, and international fire safety standards. Results indicate that polyethylene-filled aluminum composite material (ACM) panels exhibit peak heat release rates approximately 55 times greater than non-combustible alternatives, while polyisocyanurate insulation generates smoke toxicity nearly 15 times higher than mineral wool insulation. The study concludes that façade combustibility, chimney effects in ventilated cavities, and inadequate fire barriers significantly contribute to rapid fire propagation. Recommendations are proposed in accordance with NBC 2016, NFPA 285, and BS 8414 standards for improved fire-safe façade design in high-rise structures.