Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Herdmania pallida: Structural, Optical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Studies
Keywords:
Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant Acitivity, Catalytic Activity, Herdmania pallida, ZnO NPs, .
Abstract
Nanotechnology deals with the production and application of materials with nanoscale dimensions. The nanoscale size provides nanoparticles with a high surface area to volume ratio, resulting in unique physicochemical properties. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an important area in nanotechnology due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective advantages over conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods. The present study focuses on the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using ethanolic extract of the simple ascidian Herdmania pallida as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). The synthesized nanoparticles were further applied as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The results demonstrated that the degradation efficiency strongly depended on UV illumination time and the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to dye concentration. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis was employed to investigate the electrochemical and redox behavior of the ZnO nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity of ZnO NPs was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging assays at different concentrations, which revealed significant antioxidant potential. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was investigated against bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrating effective antibacterial activity. The study highlights the potential application of marine-derived biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles in environmental and biomedical fields.
References
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2. Ebadi, Mojgan, Mohammad Reza Zolfaghari, Seyyed Soheil Aghaei, Mohsen Zargar, Morvarid Shafiei, Hossein Shahbani Zahiri, and Kambiz Akbari Noghabi. "A bio-inspired strategy for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the cell extract of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. EA03: from biological function to toxicity evaluation." RSC advances 9, no. 41 (2019): 23508-23525.
3. Mahmoud, Alaa El Din, and Manal Fawzy. "Nanosensors and nanobiosensors for monitoring the environmental pollutants." In Waste recycling technologies for nanomaterials manufacturing, pp. 229-246. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021.
4. Geonmonond, Rafael S., Anderson GM DA Silva, and Pedro HC Camargo. "Controlled synthesis of noble metal nanomaterials: motivation, principles, and opportunities in nanocatalysis." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 90, no. 1 Suppl 1 (2018): 719-744.
5. Harant, H. "Les Tuniciers comestibies." Atti del 11 (1951): 1-3.
6. Delsuc, Frédéric, Henner Brinkmann, Daniel Chourrout, and Hervé Philippe. "Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates." Nature 439, no. 7079 (2006): 965-968.
7. Bone, Q_, C. Carre, and P. Chang. "Tunicate feeding filters." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (2003): 907-919.
8. Jacobi, Yuval, Gitai Yahel, and Noa Shenkar. "Efficient filtration of micron and submicron particles by ascidians from oligotrophic waters." Limnology and Oceanography 63, no. S1 (2018): S267-S279.
9. Jiang, A., Z. Yu, and C. H. Wang. "Bioaccumulation of cadmium in the ascidian Styela clava (Herdman 1881)." African Journal of Marine Science 31, no. 3 (2009): 289-295.
10. Treberg, Jason R., Joy E. Stacey, and William R. Driedzic. "Vanadium accumulation in ascidian coelomic cells is associated with enhanced pentose phosphate pathway capacity but not overall aerobic or anaerobic metabolism." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 161, no. 4 (2012): 323-330.
11. Shenkar, Noa, and Billie J. Swalla. "Global diversity of Ascidiacea." Plos one 6, no. 6 (2011): e20657.
12. Novak, L., S. Lopez-Legentil, E. Sieradzki, and N. Shenkar. "Rapid establishment of the non-indigenous ascidian Styela plicata and its associated bacteria in marinas and fishing harbors along the Mediterranean coast of Israel." Mediterranean Marine Science 18, no. 2 (2017): 324-331.
13. Raja, BT Antony. "BAY OF BENGAL PROGRAMME BOB P/WP/37."
14. Meenakshi, V. K., M. Paripooranaselvi, S. Sankaravadivu, S. Gomathy, and K. P. Chamundeeswari. "Immunomodulatory activity of Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 against S-180." Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2, no. 8 (2013): 286-295.
15. Mohammed, Hamdoon A., Salmin K. Alshalmani, and Awad Giumma Abdellatif. "Antioxidant and quantitative estimation of phenolic and flavonoids of three halophytic plants growing in Libya." J. Pharmacog. Photochem 2, no. 3 (2013): 89-94.
16. Pandit, Chetan, Arpita Roy, Suresh Ghotekar, Ameer Khusro, Mohammad Nazmul Islam, Talha Bin Emran, Siok Ee Lam, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, and David Andrew Bradley. "Biological agents for synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications." Journal of King Saud University-Science 34, no. 3 (2022): 101869.
17. Theodore, Louis. Nanotechnology: basic calculations for engineers and scientists. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
18. Wang, Xilong, Jialong Lu, Minggang Xu, and Baoshan Xing. "Sorption of pyrene by regular and nanoscaled metal oxide particles: influence of adsorbed organic matter." Environmental science & technology 42, no. 19 (2008): 7267-7272.
19. Dagdeviren, Canan, Suk‐Won Hwang, Yewang Su, Stanley Kim, Huanyu Cheng, Onur Gur, Ryan Haney, Fiorenzo G. Omenetto, Yonggang Huang, and John A. Rogers. "Transient, biocompatible electronics and energy harvesters based on ZnO." small 9, no. 20 (2013): 3398-3404.
20. Amornpitoksuk, P., S. Suwanboon, S. Sangkanu, A. Sukhoom, J. Wudtipan, K. Srijan, and S. Kaewtaro. "Synthesis, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO particles modified by diblock copolymer." Powder technology 212, no. 3 (2011): 432-438.
21. Penn, Sharron G., Lin He, and Michael J. Natan. "Nanoparticles for bioanalysis." Current opinion in chemical biology 7, no. 5 (2003): 609-615.
22. Andleeb, Anisa, Aneeta Andleeb, Salman Asghar, Gouhar Zaman, Muhammad Tariq, Azra Mehmood, Muhammad Nadeem, Christophe Hano, Jose M. Lorenzo, and Bilal Haider Abbasi. "A systematic review of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles as a promising anti-cancer-strategy." Cancers 13, no. 11 (2021): 2818.
23. Rouhi, Jalal, Shahrom Mahmud, Nima Naderi, CH Raymond Ooi, and Mohamad Rusop Mahmood. "Physical properties of fish gelatin-based bio-nanocomposite films incorporated with ZnO nanorods." Nanoscale research letters 8, no. 1 (2013): 364.
24. Baxter, Jason B., and Eray S. Aydil. "Nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells." Applied physics letters 86, no. 5 (2005).
25. Sharma, Jyoti Laxmi, Veena Dhayal, and Rakesh Kumar Sharma. "White-rot fungus mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their impregnation on cellulose to develop environmental friendly antimicrobial fibers." 3 Biotech 11, no. 6 (2021): 269.
26. Rauf, Mohd Ahmar, Mohammad Oves, Fawad Ur Rehman, Abdur Rauf Khan, and Nazim Husain. "Bougainvillea flower extract mediated zinc oxide’s nanomaterials for antimicrobial and anticancer activity." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 116 (2019): 108983.
27. Safawo, Tura, B. V. Sandeep, Sudhakar Pola, and Aschalew Tadesse. "Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using tuber extract of anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cong.) for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity assessment." OpenNano 3 (2018): 56-63.
28. Soltanian, Sara, Mahboubeh Sheikhbahaei, Neda Mohamadi, Athareh Pabarja, Maryam Fekri Soofi Abadi, and Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi Tahroudi. "Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hertia intermedia and evaluation of its cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities." BioNanoScience 11, no. 2 (2021): 245-255.
29. Abdo, Abdullah M., Amr Fouda, Ahmed M. Eid, Nayer M. Fahmy, Ahmed M. Elsayed, Ahmed Mohamed Aly Khalil, Othman M. Alzahrani, Atef F. Ahmed, and Amal M. Soliman. "Green synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their activity against pathogenic microbes and common house mosquito, Culex pipiens." Materials 14, no. 22 (2021): 6983.
30. Nagaswarupa, H. P., M. Mylarappa, D. M. K. Siddeswara, KR Vishnu Mahesh, and N. Raghavendra. "Fabrication and hierarchical structure of ZnO nano particle using green fuels: cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 10 (2018): 22547-22553.
31. Pai, Shraddha, H. Sridevi, Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan, Ramesh Vinayagam, and Raja Selvaraj. "Photocatalytic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis using Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf extract and their characterization." Optik 185 (2019): 248-255.
32. Blois, Marsden S. "Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical." Nature 181, no. 4617 (1958): 1199-1200.
33. Revathi, S. L., S. Kumar, V. Sudarshana Deepa, and S. Kumar. "Antimicrobial activity of A. serpyllifolia (Rohl. Ex. Vahl) Wright." Int. J. Pharma. Sci. Health Care 1 (2014): 2249-2257.
34. Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M., Sherris, J. C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American journal of clinical pathology, 45(4_ts), 493-496.
35. Hirose, E., Ohtsuka, K., Ishikura, M., & Maruyama, T. (2004). Ultraviolet absorption in ascidian tunic and ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84(4), 789-794.
36. .Viezbicke, B. D., Patel, S., Davis, B. E., & Birnie III, D. P. (2015). Evaluation of the Tauc method for optical absorption edge determination: ZnO thin films as a model system. physica status solidi (b), 252(8), 1700-1710.
37. Kumar, V., Kaushal, S., & Singh, Y. (2025). Biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using cell-free extract of Spirogyra crassa (Kütz.) Kütz for sustainable biomedical and environmental applications. New Journal of Chemistry, 49(37), 16145-16159.
38. Sivasankarapillai, V. S., Krishnamoorthy, N., Eldesoky, G. E., Wabaidur, S. M., Islam, M. A., Dhanusuraman, R., & Ponnusamy, V. K. (2023). One-pot green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Scoparia Dulcis plant extract for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Applied Nanoscience, 13(9), 6093-6103.
39. El-Belely, E. F., Farag, M. M., Said, H. A., Amin, A. S., Azab, E., Gobouri, A. A., & Fouda, A. (2021). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Arthrospira platensis (Class: Cyanophyceae) and evaluation of their biomedical activities. Nanomaterials, 11(1), 95.
40. .El-Belely, E. F., Farag, M. M., Said, H. A., Amin, A. S., Azab, E., Gobouri, A. A., & Fouda, A. (2021). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Arthrospira platensis (Class: Cyanophyceae) and evaluation of their biomedical activities. Nanomaterials, 11(1), 95.
41. Meer, B., Andleeb, A., Iqbal, J., Ashraf, H., Meer, K., Ali, J. S., ... & Abbasi, B. H. (2022). Bio-assisted synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Lepidium sativum and their potent antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities. Biomolecules, 12(6), 855.
42. Priya, D. S., Sankaravadivu, S., Sudha, S., & Christy, H. K. S. (2021). Synthesis and characterisation of silver nanoparticles using phallusia nigra. Annals of RSCB, 25(4), 12948-12957.
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How to Cite
V.Priya, S.Sankaravadivu, & J.Mukila. (1). Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Herdmania pallida: Structural, Optical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Studies. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 2794-2808. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.2461
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