Quantifying the Frequency of Hypodermosis and Evaluating Its Potential Economic Consequences for Livestock Farming
Abstract
Worldwide illness hypodermosis is a serious hazard to cattle and the hide business. Studies examining India's economic consequences are few, despite the country's substantial contribution to the worldwide hide market. This study looks on the frequency of hypodermosis in cattle from Punjab's Rurki Budhsingh and Bangran. After undergoing medical checks, cattle selected at random from the prescribed longitudinal and latitudinal (latitudes 30.30° N and 76.31° E) coordinates had their larvae collected for additional investigation. The larvae were tested using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit and conventional diagnostic techniques. 90% specificity and excellent sensitivity were shown by the ELISA kit. The prevalence of hypodermosis in the chosen cattle was determined to be 48.9% (120/250) and 50.4% (126/250) based on ELISA kit results. A noteworthy distinction in the bulk of hypodermosis was found between the two diagnostic methods (p<0.05), underscoring the possible benefits of employing ELISA for illness identification. India's high rate of hypodermosis emphasizes the necessity of strict control methods in animal production. Hypodermosis, a global health risk and economic burden, is a significant issue in India, despite its significant contribution to the global hide industry. This study highlights the lack of knowledge about the financial damage caused by hypodermosis on livestock production and suggests future research to explore the financial losses associated with this condition.
References
Bauer, C., Kuibagarov, M., Lider, L. A., Seitkamzina, D. M., & Suranshiyev, Z. A. (2023). Bovine hypodermosis is highly prevalent in Kazakhstan: Results of a first serological study. Veterinary World, 16(6), 1289. https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2023.1289-1292
Alhamdany, D. G., & Alhayali, N. S. (2022). Morphological and molecular diagnosis of Hypoderma spp. in Mosul city, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(1), 255-259. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2021.129942.1704
Husvéth, B., & Egri, B. Retrospective Study on the Occurence of Warble Fly Infestation (Hypodermosis) of the Red Deer and Roe Deer Herds in North-North-West Hungary (Szigetkoz, District of Ravazd and Tarjan). https://doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000290
Lia, R. P., Rehbein, S., Giannelli, A., Fankhauser, B., & Otranto, D. (2019). w/v extended-release injection) efficacy against Hypoderma lineatum in an endemic area in southern Italy. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3475-y
Dehkordi, Z. S., Mahmoudi, A., Saeghinasab, A., & Gharekhani, G. (2023). Epidemiology and Risk Factors Associated with Zoonotic Ectoparasite Infestation among Human and Small Ruminants in Sanandaj, West Iran. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 9(4), 179-182. https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3426
Bozukluhan, K., & Merhan, O. (2022). Clinical significance of some acute phase proteins in cattle. In Cattle Diseases-Molecular and Biochemical Approach. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108152
Wiszniewska-Łaszczych, A., Wysok, B., Wojtacka, J., & Sołtysiuk, M. (2021). Effect of Mixed Invasions of Hypoderma bovis and Ostertagia ostertagi in Cattle on Milk Yield and Contents in Polish Dairy Farms. Animals, 11(2), 464. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/464#
Singh, A., & Banerjee, T. (2022). Myiasis. In Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses (pp. 623-631). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7204-0_60
Liaquat, S., Qayyum, M., Ahmed, H., Arfeen, R. Z. U., Celik, F., & Simsek, S. (2021). RESEARCH ARTICLE Seroepizootiological investigation on Goat Warble Fly Infestation (Przhevalskiana silenus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan. Tropical Biomedicine, 38(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.38.2.031
Yadav, A., Rafiqi, S. I., Yadav, V., Kushwaha, A., Godara, R., Sood, S., ... & Panadero-Fontán, R. (2022). First report of Przhevalskiana silenus derived recombinant hypodermic C-based indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of goat warble fly myiasis. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 13440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17760-5
Gharban, H. A. (2022). Clinical and Serological Diagnosis of Bovine Hypodermosis in Wasit Province. Revista Electronica de Veterinaria, 457-466. https://veterinaria.org/index.php/REDVET/article/view/243
Parthasarathi, B. C. (2019). Hypodermosis in cattle: A case report. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue11/PartC/8-11-3-815.pdf
Ayvazoḡlu, C., KizilTepe, Ş., & Ayvazoḡlu Demir, P. (2022). Prevalence and economic significance of Hypoderma bovis in Ardahan. South African Journal of Animal Science, 52(1), 120-125. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.14
ZOROĞLAN, C. Ç., & MERHAN, O. (2023). Determination of Levels of Some Acute Phase Proteins, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 in Cattle with Trichophythosis. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 12(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.53913/aduveterinary.1219029
Fiodorova, O. A., Sivkova, E. I., & Nikonov, A. A. (2021). Protection of Beef Cattle from Gnats and Gadflies in the South of the Tyumen Region. Entomology and Applied Science Letters, 8(3), 54-59
Yespembetov, B. A., Syrym, N. S., Syzdykov, M. S., Kuznetsov, A. N., Koshemetov, Z. K., Mussayeva, A. K., ... & Romashev, C. M. (2019). Impact of geographical factors on the spread of animal brucellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 67, 101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101349
Gowrishankar, S., Aravind, M., Latha, B. R., & Sreekumar, C. (2019). Hypodermosis in cattle translocated to Tamil Nadu from Punjab. Tropical animal health and production, 51, 519-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1717-1
Bagheri, A., Madani, R., Sh, N., & Hoghooghi-Rad, N. (2021). Prevalence and Early Detection of Hypodermosis in Goats using a Competitive ELISA System in Lorestan, Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.22092%2Fari.2019.125071.1296
Cicek, H., Cicek, H., Eser, M., Tandogan, M., & Sarımehmetoglu, H. O. (2011). Prevalence and economic significance of bovine hypodermosis in Afyonkarahisar province of Turkey. Tropical animal health and production, 43, 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9693-0
Alhamdany, D. G. (2022). Sero-prevalence of hypodermosis in cattle in Mosul city, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(2), 407-412. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/ebce76f9419be4f0
M.N. Khan a, Z. Iqbal a, M.S. Sajida, M. Anwar a,G.R. Needham b, M. Hassana (2022). Bovine hypodermosis: Prevalence and economic significance in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Veterinary Parasitology 141 (2006) 386–390.
Otranto, D. (2001). The immunology of myiasis: parasite survival and host defense strategies. TRENDS in Parasitology, 17(4), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01943-7
Oryan, A., & Bahrami, S. (2012). Pathology of natural Przhevalskiana silenus infestation in goats. Trop Biomed, 29(4), 524-31. https://www.academia.edu/download/41376516/Pathology_of_natural_Przhevalskiana_sile20160121-1506-b0ye4z.pdf
Zimoch, J., Zielinska, D., Michalak-Micka, K., Rütsche, D., Böni, R., Biedermann, T., & Klar, A. S. (2021). Bio-engineering a vascularized human tri-layered skin substitute containing a hypodermosis. Acta biomaterialia, 134, 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2011.596481
Singh, G., Gupta, V., & Chanda, A. (2022). Artificial skin with varying biomechanical properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 3162-3166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.433
